Wikipedia

Old Ironsides (trophy)

Old Ironsides was the trophy awarded for the three-way college football rivalry between the Penn State Nittany Lions, the Pittsburgh Panthers, and the West Virginia Mountaineers. Although Old Ironsides is the most distinctive aspect of the rivalry, the trophy was long predated by the significance of the universities' collegiate football matches.

Tri-State Big Three
Royal blue and gold Pitt script logo
All navy flying WV West Virginia logo
Penn State Nittany Lions Pittsburgh Panthers West Virginia Mountaineers
Trophy: Old Ironsides (1951–84)
First qualifying year: 1900
First full round-robin: 1904
Longest streak: Penn State (1966–75)
Latest champion: Penn State (2023)*
District Championships
Penn State (12)
1901 1905
1906 1908
1909 1919
1939 1941
1942 1943
1947 1950 		Pitt (24)
1904 1907
1910 1913
1917 1920
1921 1924
1925 1926
1927 1929
1930 1931
1935 1936
1937 1938
1940 1944
1945 1946
1948 1949 		WVU (2)
1922 1928
Outright trophy victories
Penn State (21)
1952 1958
1960 1961
1962 1964
1966 1967
1968 1969
1970 1971
1972 1973
1974 1975
1977 1978
1981 1982
1983  		Pitt (6)
1951 1955
1963 1976
1979 1980 		WVU (2)
1953 1984
*No official champions have been crowned since 1984
University locations
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
100km
62miles
West Virginia
Pittsburgh
.
Penn State
Locations of Penn State, Pitt, & WVU

In 1984, staff from the Penn State Athletics Department informed their counterparts at Pittsburgh and West Virginia that the trophy went missing at some point while in Penn State's possession. The resulting searches yielded no trace and the Old Ironsides trophy was lost.

As a result of the reduced frequency of competitions between the schools and the disappearance of Old Ironsides, the triangular rivalry is largely viewed in the scope of the individual head-to-head rivalries and not a unified competition between all three.

The three schools were often referred to as the "Tri-State Big Three" or simply the "Big Three".[1] This naming both predated and coexisted with the Old Ironsides trophy. Prior to and concurrent with the attached trophy, the winner of the triangular rivalry was named the "district Big Three champion".[2][3]

Series history

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District championship era (1881–1950)

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In 1881, Pennsylvania State College played its first collegiate game against Lewisburg where they won 9–0.[4] This was the first team fielded by any of the Big Three. The Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP) introduced football in 1890 and West Virginia University introduced football in 1891.

The first game played between any of the three was on November 6, 1893, when Penn State defeated WUP 32–0.[5] The rivalry between the three schools rapidly formed as Pittsburgh, then WUP, regularly battled West Virginia and Penn State, who played an imbalanced series in Pittsburgh. Notably, Penn State versus West Virginia became an extremely heated rivalry as the two met in 1904, 1905, 1906, 1908, and 1909 in State College. WVU was shut out each time. They met again at Yankee Stadium in 1923. The result was a 13–13 tie.[6]

In 1900, the first rivalry qualifying season took place as Western University played both Penn State and West Virginia. Western University lost both matchups, making the first result a split championship between Penn State and West Virginia.[7][8]

In 1904, the first full round-robin took place, meaning each of the three teams played both of the others. West Virginia went 0–2 in the rivalry, Penn State went 1–1, and Western went 2–0 as part of their undefeated 1904 campaign. By 1908, the battle between the three was considered a championship and representative of supremacy in Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia and a 1921 article from The Pittsburg Press referred to a triangular rivalry between the schools as they competed for the "sectional title".[9][10] By the 1930s, the trio was simply referred to as "the east's Big Three"[11]

Over time, Central and Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio became considered the Tri-State district for college athletics. Pittsburgh (formerly WUP), Penn State, and West Virginia were the district's powerhouses and the title of "Big Three" was synonymous with their dominance of the district's less prominent collegiate teams: the "Little 15" also sometimes called "West Penn Class B" and annual battles for the "district championship".[1][2][9][12]

Local newspapers frequently included a spot in the sports section of their daily paper which included the overall and head-to-head records of the Big Three and Little 15/West Penn Class B.[13] The two groups were also sometimes referred to as the "Tri-State Big Three Conference" and "West Penn Class B Conference" respectively.[14]

The Tri-State district also included a scoring title awarded to the player from a Big Three school with the most points scored over the course of a given season.[12][13][15]

The district title or district championship was not replaced by the Old Ironsides trophy, although it was eventually pushed out of relevance in favor of the battle for the trophy. The title coexisted with the trophy for years as a distinct rivalry and competition.[3][16]

Old Ironsides trophy era (1951–1984)

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Bob Orders (left) and Art "Pappy" Lewis (right) holding the large, 3-sided Old Ironsides trophy

The Old Ironsides trophy was introduced to the Big Three championship in 1951 by the Pittsburgh Junior Chamber of Commerce to be given to the winner of the round robin.[17][18] Upon its introduction it was believed to be the heaviest trophy in the world at 150 pounds,[19] although some sources place the trophy at 200 pounds.[20] The 4 foot tall trophy consists of a 3 foot tall stainless steel triangular prism mounted onto a one inch thick stainless steel triangular base. On each side of the trophy is a plaque at the top of the trophy's body. Each plaque represents one of the three schools as their name appeared at the time of the trophy's introduction (Pennsylvania State College became Pennsylvania State University in 1953).[21] Smaller plaques were annually placed underneath the large plaque to mark years in which the team had had a shared result or an outright victory.[22] Atop the pillar sits a "nearly regulation sized" football presumably also made of stainless steel.[17]

The trophy was traditionally awarded to the victorious team's head coach, or a chosen position coach in the case of then Penn State quarterbacks coach Joe Paterno following the 1964 season,[23] at the annual Pittsburgh Junior Chamber of Commerce banquet or Curbstone Coaches awards banquet in the Roosevelt Hotel or the Sherwyn Hotel.[18][24][23] The Roosevelt Hotel has since been repurposed a high-rise apartment complex called "The Roosevelt Building"[25] and the Sherwyn Hotel is now Point Park University's Lawrence Hall.[26] There is also at least one instance of the presentation taking place at the weekly Junior Chamber of Commerce luncheon in the Old Vienna Restaurant.[20]

 
The trophy in 1958 with victory plaques shown. Left to right: Penn State Coach Rip Engle, Pitt Co-Captain Don Crafton, Pitt Coach John Michelosen.

During the 1952 season, the trophy was presented by former Pitt halfback Emil Narick to The University of Pittsburgh's athletic director Tom Hamilton. Hamilton was head coach for the Panthers in their 1951 season during which Pitt defeated both Penn State and West Virginia, thus winning the first year of competition for Old Ironsides. Unlike subsequent seasons, the inaugural presentation of the trophy was done during halftime of that season's Backyard Brawl prior to the universities' marching bands taking the field.[27] West Virginia went on to win that game 16–0.[28]

 
The trophy in 1966

From its inception the trophy was met with little fanfare from fans or media. Coverage of the trophy largely novelty; the mentions focused on its size and weight, in particular the difficulty of transporting the trophy.[29] There was little to no coverage outside of the tri-state area and within ten years of the trophy's use, the originator of the idea was unknown. Despite all this, the teams and coaches turned out to the annual ceremonies awarding the victor and fought for possession of the monolith.[30]

A 1975 article in Penn State's Daily Collegian student newspaper reported that the trophy had sat in "its homely location between the men's and women's rooms in the upstairs hallway of Rec Hall for 10 years."[31] The trophy had not been updated since 1970 and the article describes the trophy's poor condition in minor detail.[31]

The Pittsburgh Junior Chamber of Commerce sponsored Old Ironsides at its introduction and in each year it was officially presented. Additionally, the "Jaycees" as they are called were also tasked with organizing the presentation until the ceremony was handed off to the Curbstone Coaches.[17][18] From the conclusion of the 1981 season through the 1983 season, Penn State retained possession of the trophy. When the West Virginia Department of Athletics requested the trophy be handed over by Penn State in 1984, a search of their office and museum proved fruitless.[32] Similar searches by The University of Pittsburgh and West Virginia University also yielded no trophy. Since then, there have been no public efforts to locate the trophy.[33]

The fate of the Old Ironsides trophy is unknown.[33]

Champions

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In seasons where all three clubs competed against at least one of the others, the team with the best head-to-head record is dubbed the champion.[34] From 1951–1984, the Old Ironsides trophy was awarded to the winner of the round-robin between Penn State, Pittsburgh, and West Virginia. In cases where there is no single best record the trophy was retained by the previous winner, though trophy retention is not equated with outright championships.[35] There was no official method of tiebreaking,* so in rivalry-qualifying years (seasons where each club plays at least one in-rivalry game) which end with a two or three-way tie it is ruled a split championship.[36] Win counts were frequently counted in total seasons with at least a share of the trophy.

Prior to the introduction of the Old Ironsides trophy, there were no split championships. If no team possessed an outright superior record in a qualifying season, no champion was named and no shares or claims were recognized.

* Apparent exceptions to tiebreaking, trophy retention, and split championships do exist. Note that in 1959 each team ended 1–1 in-rivalry but the trophy was reported by one source as being awarded to Pittsburgh, however the trophy remained at Penn State during that time implying retention. That season is considered a split championship in record keeping.

Penn State victories Pittsburgh victories West Virginia victories Tied results No game played

District championship era (1881–1950)

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Only seasons with at least one district game shown

Season championship winner Penn State – Pittsburgh score Pittsburgh – West Virginia score West Virginia – Penn State score
1893 Penn State 32–0[37]
1895 West Virginia 8–0[38]
1896 Penn State 10–4[39]
1898 West Virginia 5–0[40]
1900 Tie Penn State 12–0[8] West Virginia 6–5[41]
1901 Penn State(1) Penn State 37–0[42] WUP 12–0[43]
1902 Tie Penn State 27–0[44] West Virginia 23–6[45]
1903 Tie Penn State 59–0[46] West Virginia 24–6[47]
1904 Western University(1) WUP 22–5[48] WUP 53–0[49][50] Penn State 34–0[41]
1905 Penn State(2) Penn State 6–0[51] Penn State 6–0[52]
1906 Penn State(3) Penn State 6–0[53] WUP 17–0[54] Penn State 11–0[41]
1907 Western University(2) WUP 6–0[55] WUP 10–0[56]
1908 Penn State(4) Penn State 12–6[57] Pittsburgh 11–0[58] Penn State 12–0[41]
1909 Penn State(5)[9] Penn State 5–0[9] Tie 0–0[59] Penn State 40–0[41]
1910 Pittsburgh(3) Pittsburgh 11–0[60] Pittsburgh 38–0[61]
1911 Penn State 3–0[62][63]
1912 Penn State 38–0[64]
1913 Pittsburgh(4) Pittsburgh 7–6[65] Pittsburgh 40–0[66]
1914 Pittsburgh 13–3[67]
1915 Pittsburgh 20–0[68]
1916 Pittsburgh 31–0[69]
1917 Pittsburgh(5) Pittsburgh 28–6[70] Pittsburgh 14–9[71][72]
1918 Pittsburgh 28–6[73]
1919 Penn State(6) Penn State 20–0[74] Pittsburgh 26–0[75]
1920 Pittsburgh(6) Tie 0–0[76] Pittsburgh 34–13[77]
1921 Pittsburgh(7) Tie 0–0[78] Pittsburgh 21–13[79]
1922 West Virginia(1) Pittsburgh 14–0[80] West Virginia 9–6[81]
1923 Tie Pittsburgh 20–3[82] West Virginia 13–7[82] Tie 13–13[41]
1924 Pittsburgh(8) Pittsburgh 24–3[83] Pittsburgh 14–7[84]
1925 Pittsburgh(9) Pittsburgh 23–7[85] Pittsburgh 15–7[86][87] West Virginia 14–0[88]
1926 Pittsburgh(10) Pittsburgh 24–6[89] Pittsburgh 17–7[90]
1927 Pittsburgh(11) Pittsburgh 30–0[91][92] Pittsburgh 40–0[93]
1928 West Virginia(2) Pittsburgh 26–0[94] West Virginia 9–6[95]
1929 Pittsburgh(12) Pittsburgh 20–7[96] Pittsburgh 27–7[97][98]
1930 Pittsburgh(13) Pittsburgh 19–12[99] Pittsburgh 16–0[100]
1931 Pittsburgh(14) Pittsburgh 41–6[101] Pittsburgh 34–0[102][103] West Virginia 19–0[41]
1932 Pittsburgh 40–0[104]
1933 Pittsburgh 21–0[105]
1934 Pittsburgh 27–6[106]
1935 Pittsburgh(15) Pittsburgh 9–0[107] Pittsburgh 24–6[108]
1936 Pittsburgh(16) Pittsburgh 34–7[107] Pittsburgh 34–0[109]
1937 Pittsburgh(17) Pittsburgh 28–7[110] Pittsburgh 20–0[111]
1938 Pittsburgh(18) Pittsburgh 26–0[112] Pittsburgh 19–0[113]
1939 Penn State(7) Penn State 10–0[114] Pittsburgh 20–0[115]
1940 Pittsburgh(19) Pittsburgh 20–7[107] Penn State 17–13[41][107]
1941 Penn State(8) Penn State 31–7[116] Penn State 7–0[117][118]
1942 Penn State(9) Penn State 14–6[119] Penn State 24–0[41][107]
1943 Penn State(10) Penn State 14–0[120] Pittsburgh 20–0[121][122] Penn State 32–7[41][107]
1944 Pittsburgh(20) Pittsburgh 14–0[107] Pittsburgh 26–13[123] West Virginia 28–27[41][107]
1945 Pittsburgh(21) Pittsburgh 7–0[107] Pittsburgh 20–0[124][125]
1946 Pittsburgh(22) Pittsburgh 14–7[126] Pittsburgh 33–7[127]
1947 Penn State(11) Penn State 29–0[128] West Virginia 17–2[129] Penn State 21–14[130]
1948 Pittsburgh(23) Pittsburgh 7–0[107] Pittsburgh 16–6[41] Penn State 37–7[41][107]
1949 Pittsburgh(24) Pittsburgh 19–0[107] Pittsburgh 20–7[41] Penn State 34–14[41][107]
1950 Penn State(12) Penn State 21–20[107] Pittsburgh 21–7[131] Penn State 27–0[132]
Season Trophy winner Penn State – Pittsburgh score Pittsburgh – West Virginia score West Virginia – Penn State score
Championship era head-to-head records Pittsburgh 29–19–2 Pittsburgh 33–9–1 Penn State 13–3–1

Team statistics in championship years (1881–1950)

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University of Pittsburgh Penn State University West Virginia University
District championships 24 12 2
Total in-rivalry records 62–28–3 32–22–3 12–46–2
Bold indicates best team

Old Ironsides trophy era seasons (1951–1984)

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Season Trophy winner Penn State – Pittsburgh score Pittsburgh – West Virginia score West Virginia – Penn State score
1951 Pittsburgh(1)[27] Pittsburgh 13–7[133][134] Pittsburgh 32–12[41][134] Penn State 13–7[133][41]
1952 Penn State(1)[135][136] Penn State 17–0[133][137] West Virginia 16–0[41][137] Penn State 35–21[133][41]
1953 West Virginia(1)[138] Penn State 17–0[133][139] West Virginia 17–7[41][139] West Virginia 20–19[133][41]
1954 PSU/Pitt/WVU, WVU retains Penn State 13–0[133][140] Pittsburgh 13–10[41][140] West Virginia 19–14[133][41]
1955 Pittsburgh(2)[20] Pittsburgh 20–0[133][141] Pittsburgh 26–7[141][41] West Virginia 21–7[133][41]
1956 PSU/Pitt, Pitt retains[20][35] Tie 7–7[133][142] Pittsburgh 14–13[41][142] Penn State 16–6[133][41]
1957 PSU/Pitt/WVU, Pitt retains[35][143] Pittsburgh 14–13[133][144] West Virginia 7–6[144][41] Penn State 27–6[133][41]
1958 Penn State(2)[145][146] Penn State 25–21[133][147] Pittsburgh 15–8[41][147] Tie 14–14[133][41]
1959 PSU/Pitt/WVU, PSU retains[148][149][150] Pittsburgh 22–7[133][151] West Virginia 23–15[41][151] Penn State 28–10[133][41]
1960 Penn State(3)[149][152] Penn State 14–3[133][153] Pittsburgh 42–0[41][153] Penn State 34–13[133][41]
1961 Penn State(4)[150][154] Penn State 47–26[133][155] West Virginia 20–6[41][155] Penn State 20–6[133][41]
1962 Penn State(5)[156] Penn State 16–0[133][157] West Virginia 15–8[41][157] Penn State 34–6[133][41]
1963 Pittsburgh(3)[158][159] Pittsburgh 22–21[133][160] Pittsburgh 13–10[41][160] Penn State 20–9[133][41]
1964 Penn State(6)[31] Penn State 28–0[133][161] Pittsburgh 14–0[41][161] Penn State 37–8[133][41]
1965 PSU/Pitt/WVU, PSU retains[162] Pittsburgh 30–27[133][163] West Virginia 63–48[41][163] Penn State 44–6[133][41]
1966 Penn State(7)[31][164][165][166] Penn State 48–24[133][167] Pittsburgh 17–14[41][167] Penn State 38–6[133][41]
1967 Penn State(8)[31][166] Penn State 42–6[133][168] West Virginia 15–0[41][168] Penn State 21–14[133][41]
1968 Penn State(9)[31][166] Penn State 65–9[133][169] West Virginia 38–15[41][169] Penn State 31–20[133][41]
1969 Penn State(10)[31][166] Penn State 27–7[133][170] West Virginia 49–18[41][170] Penn State 20–0[133][41]
1970 Penn State(11)[31][166] Penn State 35–15[133][171] Pittsburgh 36–35[41][171] Penn State 42–8[133][41]
1971 Penn State(12)[31][166] Penn State 55–18[133][172] West Virginia 20–9[41][172] Penn State 35–7[133][41]
1972 Penn State(13)[31] Penn State 49–27[133][173] West Virginia 38–20[41][173] Penn State 28–19[133][41]
1973 Penn State(14)[31] Penn State 35–13[133][174] Pittsburgh 35–7[41][174] Penn State 62–14[133][41]
1974 Penn State(15)[31] Penn State 31–10[133][175] Pittsburgh 31–14[41][175] Penn State 21–12[133][41]
1975 Penn State(16)[176] Penn State 7–6[133][177] West Virginia 17–14[41][177] Penn State 39–0[133][41]
1976 Pittsburgh(4)[176] Pittsburgh 24–7[133][178] Pittsburgh 24–16[41][178] Penn State 33–0[133][41]
1977 Penn State(17) Penn State 15–13[133][179] Pittsburgh 44–3[41][179] Penn State 49–28[133][41]
1978 Penn State(18) Penn State 17–10[133][180] Pittsburgh 52–7[41][180] Penn State 49–21[133][41]
1979 Pittsburgh(5)[181] Pittsburgh 29–14[133][182] Pittsburgh 24–17[41][182] Penn State 31–6[133][41]
1980 Pittsburgh(6) Pittsburgh 14–9[133][183] Pittsburgh 41–14[41][183] Penn State 20–15[133][41]
1981 Penn State(19) Penn State 48–14[133][184] Pittsburgh 17–0[41][184] Penn State 30–7[133][41]
1982 Penn State(20) Penn State 19–10[133][185] Pittsburgh 16–13[41][185] Penn State 24–0[133][41]
1983 Penn State(21) Tie 24–24[133][186] West Virginia 24–21[41][186] Penn State 41–23[133][41]
1984 West Virginia(2) Pittsburgh 31–11[133][187] West Virginia 28–10[41][187] West Virginia 17–14[133][41]
Season Trophy winner Penn State – Pittsburgh score Pittsburgh – West Virginia score West Virginia – Penn State score
Trophy era head-to-head records Penn State 22–10–2 Pittsburgh 19–15–0 Penn State 29–4–1

Team statistics in trophy years (1951–1984)

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University of Pittsburgh Penn State University West Virginia University
Total trophy shares 11 26 6
Outright trophy victories 6 21 2
Seasons with trophy possession 8 23 3
Total in-rivalry records 29–37–2 51–14–3 19–48–1
Bold indicates best team

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Smith, Chester L. (October 27, 1951). "State Renews Old Feud with West Virginia". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 6. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  2. ^ a b Hughes, Carl (November 19, 1951). "Teams Rates Even Despite WVU Evidence". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 37. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Cope, Myron (November 15, 1954). "Pitt in Muddle for State Tilt-Who's on First?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 26. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  4. ^ DeLassus, David. "Penn State Yearly Results (1881–1884)". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  5. ^ "State College Winners". The Pittsburgh Press. November 7, 1893. p. 5. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "West Virginia Ties Penn State, 13–13". The New York Times. October 28, 1923. p. 2. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  7. ^ "Hard Luck For W.U.P.". The Pittsburg Post. October 7, 1900. p. 6. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b "Fine Showing by the WUPs". The Pittsburg Post. September 30, 1900. p. 6. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b c d "Exciting Points Abound". The Pittsburgh Post. November 26, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. With the game, State captured the championship of Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
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  21. ^ "Pennsylvania State University | Big Ten Conference, Land-Grant University, Happy Valley | Britannica". www.britannica.com. November 25, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
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  23. ^ a b "Curb Honors 27 Guests". The Pittsburgh Press. January 11, 1965. p. 27. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  24. ^ "'Coaches' Slate Banquet Jan. 8". The Pittsburgh Press. November 16, 1966. p. 90. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  25. ^ Potter, Chris. "My question is about the Roosevelt Hotel in Downtown Pittsburgh. Was it named after FDR?". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  26. ^ "Lawrence Hall". Historic Pittsburgh. 1985. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  27. ^ a b "Panthers To Get Old Ironsides". Beaver Valley Times. October 23, 1952. p. 21. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  28. ^ "West Virginia at Pitt Box Score, October 25, 1952". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  29. ^ Smith, Chester L. (November 26, 1962). "It's Bit Difficult To Keep Lugging That 'Old Ironsides'". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 37 – via Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Archive.
  30. ^ McHugh, Roy (January 12, 1966). "Born 30 Years Too Late—Old Ironsides". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 62 – via Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Archives.
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  32. ^ Prato, Lou (February 19, 2016). "The Football Letter". X. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
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  38. ^ "The World Of Sport". Wheeling Daily Intelligencer. October 28, 1895. p. 3. Retrieved December 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ Johnston, E. V. D. (October 1896). Gilmer, J. C.; Houston, John D.; Boyd, W. C.; Forsyth, H. H.; Davis, C. C.; Kiser, A. B.; Rankin, H. H. (eds.). "Athletics". The Western University Courant. Vol. XII, no. 1. Allegheny, Pennsylvania: Courant Publishing Association. pp. 23–24. e39398v12n01. Retrieved December 26, 2023 – via documenting.pitt.edu.
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  51. ^ "Pittsburg Football Players Suffer Bitter Defeat at End of Season". The Pittsburg Post. December 1, 1905. p. 6. Retrieved December 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
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  55. ^ "W.U.P. Defeats State College Eleven In Sensational Football Struggle". The Pittsburgh Post. November 29, 1907. p. 8. Retrieved December 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
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  156. ^ "Trophy To Penn State". The News-Dispatch. February 6, 1963. p. 10. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
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  158. ^ "Curbstone Coaches Honor Panther Squad". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 11, 1964. p. 11. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  159. ^ "Panthers Pull Even?". Beaver County Times. November 20, 1963. p. 29. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
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