Octanitrocubane (molecular formula: C8(NO2)8) is a proposed high explosive that, like TNT, is shock-insensitive (not readily detonated by shock).[1] The octanitrocubane molecule has the same chemical structure as cubane (C8H8) except that each of the eight hydrogen atoms is replaced by a nitro group (NO2). As of 1998, octanitrocubane had not been produced in quantities large enough to test its performance as an explosive.[2]
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Octanitrocubane | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| C8N8O16 | |||
| Molar mass | 464.128 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | White solid | ||
| Density | 1.979 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K) (sublimes) | ||
| Solubility | Slightly soluble in hexane, soluble in ethanol | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
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Explosive compound | ||
| Explosive data | |||
| Shock sensitivity | Low | ||
| Friction sensitivity | Low | ||
| Detonation velocity | 10,100 m/s | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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Cubane Heptanitrocubane Octafluorocubane | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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It is, however, not as powerful an explosive as once thought, as the high-density theoretical crystal structure has not been achieved. For this reason, heptanitrocubane, the slightly less nitrated form, is believed to have marginally better performance, despite having a worse oxygen balance.
Octanitrocubane is thought to have 20–25% greater performance than HMX (octogen). This increase in power is due to its highly expansive breakdown into CO2 and N2, as well as to the presence of strained chemical bonds in the molecule which have stored potential energy. In addition, it produces no water vapor upon combustion, making it less visible, and both the chemical itself and its decomposition products (nitrogen and carbon dioxide) are considered to be non-toxic.
Octanitrocubane was first synthesized by Philip Eaton (who was also the first to synthesize cubane in 1964) and Mao-Xi Zhang at the University of Chicago in 1999, with the structure proven by crystallographer Richard Gilardi of the United States Naval Research Laboratory.[3][4]
Synthesis
editAlthough octanitrocubane is predicted to be one of the most effective explosives, the difficulty of its synthesis inhibits practical use. Philip Eaton's synthesis was difficult and lengthy, and required cubane (rare to begin with) as a starting point. As a result, octanitrocubane is more valuable, gram for gram, than gold.[5]
A proposed path to synthesis is the cyclotetramerization of the as yet undiscovered and presumably highly unstable dinitroacetylene.[6]
See also
edit- Octaazacubane (N8)
- 4,4'-Dinitro-3,3'-diazenofuroxan (DDF)
- Hexanitrobenzene (HNB)
- Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW)
- HHTDD (Hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione)
- Relative effectiveness factor
References
edit- ^ "Octanitrocubane: Easier said than done". University of Chicago News Office. March 20, 2001.
- ^ Astakhov, A. M.; Stepanov, R. S.; Babushkin, A. Yu. (1998). "On the detonation parameters of octanitrocubane". Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. 34 (1): 85–87. doi:10.1007/BF02671823. S2CID 98585631.
- ^ Zhang, Mao-Xi; Eaton, Philip E.; Gilardi, Richard (2000). "Hepta- and Octanitrocubanes". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 39 (2): 401–404. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000117)39:2<401::AID-ANIE401>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 10649425.
- ^ Eaton, Philip E.; Zhang, Mao-Xi; Gilardi, Richard; Gelber, Nat; Iyer, Sury; Surapaneni, Rao (2001). "Octanitrocubane: A New Nitrocarbon". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 27 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1002/1521-4087(200203)27:1<1::AID-PREP1>3.0.CO;2-6.
- ^ Krause, Horst H. (2004). "New Energetic Materials" (PDF). In Teipel, Ulrich (ed.). Energetic Materials: Particle Processing and Characterization. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-3-527-30240-6.
- ^ Politzer, Peter; Lane, Pat; Wiener, John J. (8 June 1999). Cyclooligomerizations as Possible Routes to Cubane-Like Systems (PDF). ASIN B00IT6MGOK. OCLC 227895131. ADA364287. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013 – via Defense Technical Information Center.