Nototodarus sloanii is a species of squid commonly known as the New Zealand arrow squid or Wellington flying squid. It is also known by its Māori name of wheketere.[3] It is a favoured prey species of a number of marine mammals and diving birds. It is an important food source for the New Zealand fur seal and two endangered species: the New Zealand sea lion and the yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes).[4][5][6] Nototodarus sloanii is sought by trawler fishermen for human consumption; New Zealand sea lions are frequently caught in trawl nets and drowned when feeding on N. sloanii.[7]
| Nototodarus sloanii | |
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| Dorsal and ventral view of Nototodarus sloanii | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Ommastrephidae |
| Subfamily: | Todarodinae |
| Genus: | Nototodarus |
| Species: | N. sloanii
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| Binomial name | |
| Nototodarus sloanii | |
| Synonyms | |
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Habitat
editThe species inhabits the coastal regions and the continental shelf around New Zealand to a depth of about 500 m, at a broad range of temperatures but more inclined towards colder waters.[8]
Description
editThe species exhibits a maximum mantle length of between 32 and 42 cm, and a maximum weight of 0.6 to 1.8 kg when they are fully grown. Growth rates are known to increase with higher temperatures. They have an orange and pink muscular mantle that tapers to a pointed tail, with a darker maroon stripe down the midline, and has a sagittate (arrowhead) that is 42 to 48% of the mantle length. It also has broad fins angled 40–50 degrees and eight tentacles, mainly composed of the tentacular club, with sucker rings containing 11 to 13 conical teeth with low platelets; arm sucker rings with 11–15 short teeth surrounding a central one. They use these tentacles for catching prey. There are two fins on the head of the squid that are used to siphon water in one side and push it out of the other. The mouth can be found in between the arms.[9]
Lifecycle
editThe peak spawning season for N. sloanii is from September to March. However, spawning occurs throughout the year for this species. The squids reproduce sexually; they have a mating ritual that can be behavioral, physical, and morphological. During this process, the male hold the female and insert their hectocotylus into the females' mantle cavity: this is also where the fertilization of the egg occurs. Spermatophores are usually found in the buccal cavities of the females, but sometimes the females are found with spermatophores affixed to the head, arms, or dorsal mantle. The male and female adults die shortly after spawning. Embryos hatch at a planktonic stage until they grow into benthic adults that live for just over a year, and due to a high growth rate, they reach maturity at around 200 days. The arrow squid has a short lifespan, rapid growth and development, and ability to have their appearance molded. Their population is made up of new individuals each year.[10]
At the cellular level of the arrow squid, growth occurs over their entire lifespan by excessive growth and abnormal increase in the number of cells. Arrow squids have exceptionally high growth efficiency, with a protein-based metabolism that rapidly converts energy into growth. They store very little if any of their food energy. The metabolic and growth rates of squid are very high in fact they may be as high as some mammals.[citation needed]
Nototodarus sloanii displays high intraspecific variability in areas such as egg size and rates of embryonic development, hatchling size, growth, age and size at maturity. Their changing appearances along with their short lifespan and rapid growth rates allows the squid to be extremely responsive to changing environmental conditions. They are also able to move over considerable distances leading to them having unpredictable and complex patterns of distribution.[11]
References
edit- ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Nototodarus sloanii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163059A967524. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163059A967524.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Julian Finn (2016). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Nototodarus sloanii Gray, 1849". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ "Squid, Southern Arrow". The Marine Life Database. University of Otago. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ Lalas, C. and Webster, T. 2014. "Contrast in the importance of arrow squid as prey of male New Zealand sea lions and New Zealand fur seals at The Snares, subantarctic New Zealand". Marine Biology. March 2014, Vol. 161 Issue 3, p. 631.
- ^ Meynier, L. 2009. "Variability in the diet of New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) at the Auckland Islands, New Zealand". Marine Mammal Science. 25: 302–326.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Yellow-eyed Penguin: Megadypes antipodes, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
- ^ Nick Gales, Mark Hindell and Roger Kirkwood (2003). Marine Mammals: Fisheries, Tourism and Management Issues. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-06953-4, ISBN 978-0-643-06953-4. p. 192.
- ^ Jackson, GD; Shaw, AGP (2000). "Distribution and biomass of two squid species off southern New Zealand: Nototodarus sloanii and Moroteuthis ingens". Polar Biology. 23 (10): 699–705. Bibcode:2000PoBio..23..699J. doi:10.1007/s003000000141. S2CID 1973536.
- ^ Clyde, Roper (1984). "FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 3" (PDF). pp. 174–175.
- ^ Dunn, Matthew (2009). "Feeding habits of the ommastrephid squid Nototodarus sloanii on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 43 (5): 1103–1113. Bibcode:2009NZJMF..43.1103D. doi:10.1080/00288330.2009.9626533. S2CID 85031926.
- ^ McKinnon, J. F. (2007). Aspects of the population biology of the southern arrow squid, Nototodarus sloanii, in southern New Zealand (PhD thesis). University of Otago. hdl:10523/544.