No. 604 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force noted for its pioneering role the development of radar-controlled night-fighter operations. The squadron was established in March 1930 at RAF Hendon as a day-bomber squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. In July 1934, the squadron transitioned to two-seat fighters. Shortly after the commencement of World War II in 1939, the squadron was reassigned to a night-fighter role.
| No. 604 (County of Middlesex) Squadron RAuxAF | |
|---|---|
| Active |
|
| Country |  UK |
| Branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Part of | Royal Auxiliary Air Force |
| Nickname(s) | County of Middlesex |
| Motto(s) | Latin: Si vis pacem para bellum (Translation: "If you want peace, prepare for war")[1][2][3] |
| Post-1951 aircraft insignia |  |
| Battle honours |
|
| Commanders | |
| Honorary Air Commodore | Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood (1932–1957) |
| Notable commanders | John Cunningham, Michael Hugh Constable-Maxwell, Frederick Desmond Hughes |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron badge heraldry | A seax No. 604 Squadron, being the County of Middlesex squadron, took part of the armorial bearings of the county, a seax, to commemorate that association[1][2] |
| Identification symbol | |
No. 604 Squadron was initially disbanded in April 1945 as part of a reduction of the British Armed Forces near the end of the war. It was reformed as an auxiliary single-seat fighter squadron in May 1946, again at RAF Hendon. Final disbandment occurred in March 1957 with the dissolution of the Auxiliary Air Force.
History
editFormation and early years
editNo. 604 Squadron was established on 17 March 1930 at RAF Hendon as a squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force.[1][3] The squadron was initially assigned to the role of day-bombing and received its first aircraft (Airco DH.9As) in April 1930.[7] The DH.9A was soon replaced by the Westland Wapiti in September 1930. Upon re-designation as a two-seat fighter squadron, No. 604 transitioned to the Hawker Hart on 23 July 1934. Hawker Demons replaced the Harts in June 1935.[8]
World War II
editIn early 1939 the squadron transitioned to the long-range fighter variant of the Bristol Blenheim. No. 604 Squadron was activated on 24 August 1939 to operate long-range fighters from RAF North Weald. The squadron spent the first several months of World War II flying defensive patrols in support of coastal convoys.
The squadron was reassigned to a night-fighter role in late 1939 and was relocated to RAF Northolt in January 1940. By May 1940, the squadron had moved to RAF Manston. During the squadron's stay at RAF Manston that Flying Officer Alistair Hunter and Sergeant Gordon Thomas shot down a Luftwaffe Heinkel 115 floatplane shortly after midnight on 18 June 1940, during the first major night raid over the United Kingdom. [9] Following the Dunkirk evacuation, the squadron was based at RAF Middle Wallop at the end of July 1940.
In early summer 1940, squadron aircraft were fitted with VHF radiotelephone equipment and Mark III aircraft interception (AI) radar. The former was part of RAF Fighter Command policy, and greatly improved air-to-air and air-to ground communication. The AI radar equipment was fitted to assist the night fighter crews in locating German bombers at night. A new technological development, AI was not particularly reliable at this stage, and needed a third crew member to operate. The external antennas slowed down aircraft that were already considered of low performance for their role. Most AI operators were inexperienced and were forced to learn on the job, translating the information provided on the AI screens into instructions to enable their pilot to get close enough to visually locate and shoot down an enemy bomber.
Late in September 1940 the squadron received its first Bristol Beaufighter, equipped with four 20-mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannon under the nose and improved Mark IV AI radio-location equipment. As one of the few squadrons thus equipped, 604 Squadron provided night defence over the UK during the Blitz from late 1940 until mid May 1941, when most Luftwaffe bomber units departed for involvement in the invasion of Russia. By this time 50 air victories had been claimed by the squadron—fourteen by F/L John Cunningham.[9]
In early 1943 the squadron began to switch over to night intruder operations. In February 1944, the squadron was allocated to the 2nd Tactical Air Force and began conversion to the de Havilland Mosquito. Operations from Normandy began in August but the following month the unit returned to the UK, returning to the continent once again in January 1945. They remained there until disbanding at B.51 at Vendeville,[8][10] near Lille, France, on 18 April 1945.[3][11] Some 127 air victories had been claimed by the Squadron during the war, 41 since May 1944.[9] A notable member of the squadron, later awarded a posthumous George Cross, was John Quinton DFC.
Post-war
editWith the reactivation of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force, 604 Squadron was reformed on 10 May 1946 at RAF Hendon as a day fighter squadron. It was initially equipped with Spitfire LF.16s but converted to jets in November 1949 when de Havilland Vampires arrived. These were replaced by Gloster Meteors in August 1952 but this was only for a few years as the squadron was disbanded on 10 March 1957, along with all the flying units of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force.[3][11]
Aircraft operated
edit| From | To | Aircraft | Version |
|---|---|---|---|
| April 1930 | September 1930 | Airco DH.9A | |
| June 1930 | June 1935 | Westland Wapiti | Mk.IIa |
| September 1934 | June 1935 | Hawker Hart | |
| June 1935 | January 1939 | Hawker Demon | |
| January 1939 | January 1941 | Bristol Blenheim | Mk.If |
| May 1940 | May 1940 | Gloster Gladiator | Mk.I |
| September 1940 | April 1943 | Bristol Beaufighter | Mk.I |
| April 1943 | April 1944 | Bristol Beaufighter | Mk.VIf |
| February 1944 | September 1944 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.XII |
| April 1944 | April 1945 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.XIII |
| October 1946 | May 1950 | Supermarine Spitfire | LF.16e |
| November 1949 | September 1952 | de Havilland Vampire | F.3 |
| August 1952 | March 1957 | Gloster Meteor | F.8 |
Squadron bases
edit| From | To | Base |
|---|---|---|
| 17 March 1930 | 29 September 1938 | RAF Hendon, Middlesex |
| 29 September 1938 | 3 October 1938 | RAF North Weald, Essex |
| 3 October 1938 | 2 September 1939 | RAF Hendon, Middlesex |
| 2 September 1939 | 16 January 1940 | RAF North Weald, Essex (det. at RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk) |
| 16 January 1940 | 15 May 1940 | RAF Northolt, Middlesex |
| 15 May 1940 | 20 June 1940 | RAF Manston, Kent |
| 20 June 1940 | 3 July 1940 | RAF Northolt, Middlesex |
| 3 July 1940 | 27 July 1940 | RAF Gravesend, Kent |
| 27 July 1940 | 12 August 1942 | RAF Middle Wallop, Hampshire (Det. at RAF Coltishall, Norfolk) |
| 12 August 1942 | 23 August 1942 | RAF Warmwell, Dorset |
| 23 August 1942 | 7 December 1942 | RAF Middle Wallop, Hampshire |
| 7 December 1942 | 18 February 1943 | RAF Predannack, Cornwall |
| 18 February 1943 | 24 April 1943 | RAF Ford, West Sussex |
| 24 April 1943 | 25 April 1944 | RAF Scorton, North Yorkshire |
| 25 April 1944 | 3 May 1944 | RAF Church Fenton, North Yorkshire |
| 3 May 1944 | 13 July 1944 | RAF Hurn, Dorset |
| 13 July 1944 | 25 July 1944 | RAF Colerne, Wiltshire |
| 25 July 1944 | 28 July 1944 | RAF Zeals, Wiltshire |
| 28 July 1944 | 6 August 1944 | RAF Colerne, Wiltshire (Det. at A.15/Maupertus, France) |
| 6 August 1944 | 9 September 1944 | A.8/Picauville, France |
| 9 September 1944 | 24 September 1944 | B.17/Carpiquet, France |
| 24 September 1944 | 5 December 1944 | RAF Predannack, Cornwal |
| 5 December 1944 | 31 December 1944 | RAF Odiham, Hampshire |
| 31 December 1944 | 18 April 1945 | B.51/Lille-Vendeville, France |
| 10 May 1946 | 28 March 1949 | RAF Hendon, Middlesex |
| 28 March 1949 | 10 March 1957 | RAF North Weald, Essex |
Commanding officers
edit| From | To | Name |
|---|---|---|
| March 1930 | March 1935 | W/Cdr. A.S.W. Dore, DSO, TD |
| March 1935 | January 1939 | S/Ldr. C.P. Gabriel |
| January 1939 | March 1940 | S/Ldr. R.A. Budd |
| March 1940 | August 1941 | S/Ldr. M.F. Anderson |
| August 1941 | August 1941 | W/Cdr. Charles Henry Appleton (1906–1944) |
| August 1941 | July 1942 | W/Cdr. J. Cunningham, DSO & Bar, DFC |
| July 1942 | April 1943 | W/Cdr. Wood, AFC |
| April 1943 | July 1944 | W/Cdr. M.H. Constable-Maxwell, DFC |
| July 1944 | 18 April 1945 | W/Cdr. F.D. Hughes, DFC & 2 Bars |
| June 1946 | January 1948 | W/Cdr. J. Cunningham, DSO & 2 Bars, DFC & Bar |
| January 1948 | May 1951 | S/Ldr. K.T. Lofts, DFC & Bar |
| May 1951 | September 1953 | S/Ldr. A. Deytrikh |
| September 1953 | March 1957 | S/Ldr. T.P. Turnbull, DFC |
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Moyes 1976, p. 275.
- ^ a b Rawlings 1978, p. 483.
- ^ a b c d Halley 1988, p. 421.
- ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 14.
- ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 76.
- ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 138.
- ^ a b c Moyes 1976, p. 276.
- ^ a b c d Halley 1988, p. 422.
- ^ a b c Shores & Williams 1994, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Rawlings 1978, p. 485.
- ^ a b c d Jefford 2001, p. 100.
- ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 486.
- ^ Bowyer 1984, p. 121.
- ^ Hunt 1972, pp. 137–163.
Bibliography
edit- Bowyer, Chaz (1984). Mosquito Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-1425-1.
- Bowyer, Michael J. F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-0-85059-364-8.
- Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent: Air Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0-85130-164-8.
- Hunt, Leslie (1972). Twenty-one Squadrons: History of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force, 1925–57. London: Garnstone Press. ISBN 978-0-85511-110-6.
- Jefford, C. G. (2001) [1998]. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84037-141-3.
- Moyes, Philip J.R. (1976). Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-354-01027-6.
- Rawlings, John D. R. (1978) [1969]. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-354-01028-3.
- Shores, Christopher; Williams, Clive (1994). Aces High: a Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Forces in WWII. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-00-8.
Further reading
edit- Bishop, Chris, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-904687-26-9.
- Bushby, John R. (1972). Gunner's Moon. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0372-9.
- Chisholm, Roderick (1953). Cover of Darkness. London: Chatto and Windus. OCLC 1244740.
- Golley, John (1999). John "Cat's-Eyes" Cunningham: The Aviation Legend. Shrewsbury, Shropshire: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84037-059-1.
- Rawnsley, Cecil Frederick; Wright, Robert (1957). Night Fighter. London: Collins. OCLC 1261586.
External links
edit
- 604 Squadron history on RAF website [dead link]
- Squadron histories for nos. 600–604 sqn on RAFweb
- 604 in the Battle of Britain
- Traces of World War 2: RAF – No. 604 Squadron