Major Nicolae Dabija (born April 13 or 18, 1907; died October 28, 1949), knight of Order of Michael the Brave, was an officer of the Romanian Royal Army and a member of the anticommunist armed resistance in Romania. He was the leader of the "National Defense Front–The Haiduc Corps" resistance group in the Apuseni Mountains.[1][2]
Nicolae Dabija | |
|---|---|
 Nicolae Dabija, around 1930 | |
| Born | 13 April 1907 Galați, Kingdom of Romania |
| Died | 28 October 1949 (aged 42) Sibiu, Romanian People's Republic |
| Buried | Sibiu Municipal Cemetery, Romania |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Romania |
| Service | Army |
| Years of service | 1926–1946 |
| Rank | 2nd Lieutenant (1929) 1st Lieutenant Captain (1941) Major (1943) |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | Order of the Crown, Knight rank Order of the Star of Romania, Officer rank Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd class German Cross, in Gold |
| Alma mater | Military School for Infantry Officers in Sibiu |
| Other work | Leader of the National Defense Front resistance group (1948–1949) |
Early life
editNicolae Dabija was born in April 1907 in Galați, in the historical region of Moldavia, eastern Romania. (Some sources claim he was a cousin of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej.)[3] His father, a carpenter, died when he was 9 years old, and he was raised in poverty. After starting his studies at Vasile Alecsandri High School, he dropped out at age 15 and became employed at a local bank. In 1926 he voluntarily enlisted into the Romanian Army, at the 13th Dorobanți Regiment in Iași. Encouraged by his superiors, he enrolled in the local Military High School for a year, after which he went to the Military School for Infantry Officers in Sibiu, graduating in 1929.[2]
Service in World War II
editIn May 1941 he was awarded the Order of the Crown, Knight rank.[4] Soon after, on June 22, Romania joined Operation Barbarossa in order to reclaim the lost territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in June 1940. Dabija served as an officer in the Romanian Land Forces, participating in the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union.[2] On October 15, 1941, Captain Dabija was sent to the Eastern Front in command of the 5th Company/38th Infantry Regiment from the 10th Infantry Division. In February 1942 he took part in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, where his company helped stop a Soviet landing at Ossereyka; for his actions in this battle he was awarded the Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd class with spades, and the German Cross in Gold.[5][6] He further distinguished himself at the Battle of the Caucasus and during the Crimean offensive in 1943–44. Promoted to Major, he was wounded twice, and finally evacuated back to Romania.[2] In October 1944 he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, Officer rank for feats of arms on the battlefield.[7][6]
The National Defense Front
editAt the end of the war, in June 1945, Dabija was awarded by royal decree for a second time the Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd class. In July 1946 he retired from the army. In view of the royal awards he had earned, Dabija was given 5 hectares (12 acres) of land near Aradul Nou, where he settled together with his wife. According to historian Dorin Dobrincu, he went into hiding, fearing arrest as the Soviets occupying Romania deemed him a war criminal for his participation in the war against the Soviet Union.[2] Liviu Pleșa, however, notes that his decision to join the anti-communist movement was prompted by the arrest of his brother (who was incarcerated at Jilava Prison) and his denunciation by local communists after a dispute over statements he had made in opposition to the regime.[6]: 4
In February 1948, Dabija met the brothers Traian, Alexandru, Viorel, and Nicolae Macavei, the nephews of Ștefan Cicio Pop.[3] The Macaveis were wanted for gold smuggling, having killed two gendarmes and wounded four others.[6] Together with them, he formed and armed group called the "National Defense Front", sometimes also known as the "Haiduc Corps". He issued a proclamation against the “Jewish–Communist clique”, calling for freedom, independence, and respect for human rights.[1] Convinced that a new world war would soon break out between the Americans and the Soviets (Vin americanii!), Dabija reached out in May 1948 to the United States authorities through several intermediaries, offering help with military actions to liberate Romania, only to be rebuffed.[3] He developed a plan aiming at an armed insurrection in 1949, when the US–Soviet war was expected to begin.[8] The goal was to occupy government institutions, armament and ammunition depots, as well as strategic points, such as the defiles of the rivers Mureș, Someș, Olt, Prahova, and Dorna. Dabija's group created and spread anticommunist fliers and set up an information network in Bucharest.[9]
The National Defense Front started recruiting sympathizers in the Apuseni Mountains, in the Roșia Montană–Zlatna gold-mining area.[3] The organization operated on the eastern flank of the Apuseni Mountains, around Muntele Mare (the "Great Mountain"), near Bistra and Câmpeni. In the fall of 1948, a resistance group settled on the mountain, where they built a fortified shelter (a "casemate"); supporting groups were set up, with a network of sympathizers providing information about the authorities’ actions.[9] On December 22, 1948, resistants from this group, armed with a rifle and handguns, robbed the Tax Office in Teiuș of some 300,000 leis, from which they later procured more arms and a typewriter.[2][3][6]
Arrest and execution
editThe Romanian authorities learned about the location of Dabija after arresting a partisan fighter, Traian Ihuț, who revealed the location of his group on Muntele Mare and their strength.[10] Immediately after, on March 4, 1949, a detachment of 80 Securitate troops from Cluj led by Colonel Mihai Patriciu charged the peak where the fighters were located, with a gunfight and later hand-to-hand combat occurring. Eleven anticommunist fighters were killed, but Dabija and two others managed to escape; the Securitate forces suffered three deaths and three others wounded.[10][11] His wife, Flavia, was reportedly killed during the firefight.[12] By some accounts, this was the biggest battle between an anti-communist resistance group and the Securitate.[13]
Dabija was arrested on March 22, 1949 in Gârde, after a local villager, whose barn he was sleeping in, notified the communist authorities of his presence.[14] All partisans and their aides were captured.[15] They were subject to interrogation in Turda, Bucharest, and Sibiu. Later they were tried and convicted through sentence no. 816 of October 4, 1949 of the Military Tribunal of Sibiu.[15] In the early hours October 28, 1949, seven members of the group (Titus Onea, Ioan Scridon, Gheorghe Oprița, Traian Mihălțan, Augustin Rațiu, Silvestru Bolfea, and Nicolae Dabija) were executed at the Reformed cemetery in Sibiu by firing squad.[15] Just before being shot, Dabija exclaimed, "Long Live Romania!" The bodies of the executed were thrown in a common grave in Dumbrava Sibiului.[12] The execution was supervised by the director of the Sibiu branch of the Securitate, lieutenant colonel Gheorghe Crăciun; he sent a report the next day to colonel Mișu Dulgheru, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs's penal investigation unit.[16]
In 2004, the remains of Dabija and the 6 other executed partisans were identified and properly re-buried at the Sibiu Municipal Cemetery, and a monument dedicated to the "Anti-communist fighters – Major Nicolae Dabija group" was erected on the spot.[16] In 2010, a team of investigators from the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania led by Marius Oprea found the casemate built by Dabija's partisans on Muntele Mare, as well as the remains of 5 of the fighters killed by the Securitate troops who stormed their compound in 1949.[17]
References
edit- ^ a b "Proclamația Frontului Apărării Naționale" (PDF). cnsas.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Dobrincu, Dorin (December 22, 2006). "Rezistența armată anticomunistă în sud-estul Munților Apusieni (I)". Revista 22.
- ^ a b c d e Pădurean, Claudiu (June 25, 2017). "Vărul lui Gheorghiu-Dej, erou al rezistenței antibolșevice. Maiorul Nicolae Dabija a decis să se opună comunismului cu toate puterile sale". România Liberă (in Romanian). Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Decretul regal nr. 1.300 din 9 mai 1941 pentru acordări de decorații, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CIX, nr. 109 din 10 mai 1941, partea I-a, p. 2.487.
- ^ "The Taman bridgehead – 1943". www.worldwar2.ro. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Pleșa, Liviu. "Implicarea militarilor în mișcarea de rezistență armată. Cazul maiorului Nicolae Dabija (1948-1949)" (PDF). cnsas.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Decretul regal nr. 1.937 din 18 octombrie 1944 pentru conferiri de decorațiuni de război, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CXII, nr. 267 din 17 noiembrie 1944, partea I-a, p. 7.453.
- ^ Tismăneanu, Vladimir (2009). Stalinism revisited: the establishment of communist regimes in East-Central Europe. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. p. 322. ISBN 978-615-5211-81-2. OCLC 649914606.
- ^ a b Dobrincu, Dorin (2006), ""Frontul Apărării Naționale. Corpul de Haiduci" în luptă contra regimului comunist în sud-estul Munților Apuseni (1948–1952)", Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Orală, VII: 140–182
- ^ a b Miroiu, Andrei (2014). "Military Operations in Romanian Anti-Partisan Warfare, 1944–1958". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 37 (2): 185–197. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2014.862903. S2CID 111153072.
- ^ Dobrincu, Dorin (January 3, 2007). "Rezistența armată anticomunistă în sud-estul Munților Apuseni (II)". Revista 22.
- ^ a b Pal, Cosmin (March 9, 2019). "Să nu-i uităm pe cei care au luptat împotriva comunismului!". Mesagerul de Sibiu (in Romanian). Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ "Rezistența anticomunistă din Munții Apuseni: Lupta de pe Muntele Mare!". apuseni.info (in Romanian). July 15, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ^ Iancu, Ciprian (August 28, 2015). "Partizani anticomuniști, dezgropați în Apuseni". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ^ a b c "28 octombrie 1949 - execuția maiorului Nicolae Dabija și a altor 6 membri ai organizației Frontul Apărării Patriei Române". Memorial of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance (in Romanian). Fundația Academia Civică. 28 October 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
- ^ a b Marinescu, Andra (October 24, 2014). "In memoriam – 65 de ani de la execuția grupului luptătorilor anticomuniști "Mr. Nicolae Dabija"". Tribuna (in Romanian). Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ^ "Alba: Cazemata partizanilor conduși de Nicolae Dabija a fost găsită pe Muntele Mare". Adevărul (in Romanian). September 4, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2022.