Nganga

A nganga (pl. banganga or kimbanda) is a spiritual healer, diviner, and ritual specialist in traditional Kongo religion.^[1] These experts also exist across the African diaspora in countries where Kongo and Mbundu people were transported during the Atlantic slave trade, such as Brazil, the southern United States, Haiti and Cuba.

Etymology

Nganga means "expert" in the Kikongo language. The Portuguese corruption of the meaning was "fetisher."^[2] It could also be derived from -ganga, which means "medicine" in Proto-Bantu. As this term is a multiple reflex of a Proto-Bantu root, there are slight variations on the term throughout the entire Bantu-speaking world.^{[citation needed]}

Central Africa

Inyanga from Johannesburg, South Africa

In the Kingdom of Kongo and the Kingdom of Ndongo, expert healers, known as banganga, underwent extensive training to commune with the ancestors in the spiritual realms and seek guidance from them.^[2] They possessed the skill to communicate with the ancestors in the spiritual realm, or Ku Mpémba, as well as divining the cause of illness, misfortune and social stress and preparing measures to address them, often by supernatural means and sacred medicine, or minkisi.^[2]

They were also responsible for charging a nkisi, or physical objects intended to be the receptacle for spiritual forces that heal and protect its owner. When Kongo converted to Christianity in the late fifteenth century, the term nganga was used to translate Christian priest as well as traditional spiritual mediators.^[3] In modern Kongo Christianity, priests are often called "Nganga a Nzambi" or "priests of God."^{[citation needed]} The owner and operator of an nkisi, who ministered its powers to others, was the nganga.^[4]

An English missionary describes how an nganga looks during his healing performance:

Thick circles of white around the eyes, a patch of red across the forehead, broad stripes of yellow are drawn down the cheeks, bands of red, white, or yellow run down the arms and across the chest.... His dress consists of the softened skins of wild animals, either whole or in strips, feathers of birds, dried fibres and leaves, ornaments of leopard, crocodile or rat's teeth, small tinkling bells, rattling seedpods...^[4]^[5]

This wild appearance was intended to create a frightening effect, or kimbulua in the Kongo language. The nganga's costume was often modeled on his nkisi. The act of putting on the costume was itself part of the performance; all participants were marked with red and white stripes, called makila, for protection.^[4]

The "circles of white around the eyes" refer to mamoni lines (from the verb mona, to see). These lines purport to indicate the ability to see hidden sources of illness and evil.^[4]

Yombe nganga often wore white masks, whose color represented the spirit of a deceased person. White was also associated with justice, order, truth, invulnerability, and insight: all virtues associated with the nganga.^{[citation needed]}

The nganga is instructed in the composition of the nkondi, perhaps in a dream, by a particular spirit. In one description of the banganga's process, the nganga then cuts down a tree for the wood that s/he will use to construct the nkondi. S/he then kills a chicken, which causes the death of a hunter who has been successful in killing game and whose captive soul subsequently animates the nkondi figure.^[6] Based on this process, Gell writes that the nkondi is a figure an index of cumulative agency, a "visible knot tying together an invisible skein of spatio-temporal relations" of which participants in the ritual are aware.^[7]

Southern Africa

A n'anga, close to Great Zimbabwe

In South Africa, the inyanga has a medicinal role, in contrast to the sangoma, who deals with divination and the ancestral spirits, however, the distinction has become blurred in some areas and many traditional healers tend to practice both arts.^[8]^[9] In Swahili, mganga refers to a qualified physician or traditional healer.^{[citation needed]}

Among the Shona people of Zimbabwe, a n'anga is a traditional healer who uses a combination of herbs, medical/religious advice and spiritual guidance to heal people. In Zimbabwe, N'angas are recognized and registered under the ZINATHA (Zimbabwe National Traditional Healer's Association).^[10]^[11]

They are believed to have religious powers to tell fortunes, and to change, heal, bless or even kill people. Traditionally N’angas were people’s main source of help in all matters of life. They have existed for centuries, well before the British colonial era. Guerrilla leaders are said to have consulted with N’angas during the Rhodesian Bush War.^[12]

Even today, N'angas are consulted by the people for advice and healing of many illnesses. Sometimes N'angas refer their patients to western medical practitioners and hospitals in case of emergency or illness they cannot cure with the help of their healing spirit.^[13]

The Americas

In the United States, nganga, who acted as spiritual leaders, played a key role in Hoodoo practices, which combined Kongo religion, Christianity and indigenous American herbal knowledge.^[2]

In Cuba, the term nganga refers to a clay pot or iron cauldron that is kept in the homes of Palo diviners, called paleros. Similar to mojo bags in the United States, these banganga contained items from important places in nature and spiritual items, such as forest dirt, volcanic ash, and the hair, ashes or bones of an ancestor. They were seen as means to honor Nzambi, the mpungo and mfumbi (ancestral spirits), and the forces of nature.^[14]

Many inverted positions of capoeira, including bananeira, aú, rabo de arraia, and others, are believed to have originated from the use of handstand by nganga imitating their ancestors, who walked on their hands in the spirit world.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Desch-Obi 2008, pp. 39.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brown, Ras Michael (2012). African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry (1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 96, 97, 103, 105. ISBN 9781107024090.
^ John Thornton, "The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491-1750," Journal of African History
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d MacGaffey, Wyatt (1993). Astonishment & Power, The Eyes of Understanding: Kongo Minkisi. National Museum of African Art.
^ Weeks, John H. (1914). Among the Primitive Bakongo. London: Seeley, Service & Co. Ltd.
^ MacGaffey, Wyatt (Spring 2001). "Astonishment and Stickiness in Kongo Art: A Theoretical Advance". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 39 (39). The President and Fellows of Harvard College acting through the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: 137–150. doi:10.1086/RESv39n1ms20167526. JSTOR 20167526. S2CID 191219941.
^ Gell, A (1999). The Art of Anthropologie. London: Humanities Press.
^ Richter, Marlise (2003). "Traditional Medicines and Traditional Healers in South Africa" (PDF). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch; Gericke, Nigel (1999). Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-875093-37-3.
^ "Culture of Zimbabwe".
^ "Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association (ZINATHA)". Archived from the original on 2014-04-20.
^ Angus Shaw, (1993) Kandaya, Another time, Another place, Baobab Books
^ Arkovitz, M. S.; Manley, M. (July 1990). "Specialization and referral among the n'anga (traditional healers) of Zimbabwe". Trop Doct. 20 (3): 109–10. doi:10.1177/004947559002000306. PMID 2219419. S2CID 6659696.
^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.

Works cited

Desch-Obi, M. Thomas J. (2008). Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-718-4.

External links

[FOOTNOTEDesch-Obi200839-1] Desch-Obi 2008, pp. 39.

[:0-2] Brown, Ras Michael (2012). African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry (1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 96, 97, 103, 105. ISBN 9781107024090.

[3] John Thornton, "The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491-1750," Journal of African History

[Astonishment&Power-4] MacGaffey, Wyatt (1993). Astonishment & Power, The Eyes of Understanding: Kongo Minkisi. National Museum of African Art.

[Weeks-5] Weeks, John H. (1914). Among the Primitive Bakongo. London: Seeley, Service & Co. Ltd.

[MacGaffey_2001-6] MacGaffey, Wyatt (Spring 2001). "Astonishment and Stickiness in Kongo Art: A Theoretical Advance". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 39 (39). The President and Fellows of Harvard College acting through the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: 137–150. doi:10.1086/RESv39n1ms20167526. JSTOR 20167526. S2CID 191219941.

[Gell_1999-7] Gell, A (1999). The Art of Anthropologie. London: Humanities Press.

[TAC_Law_proj-8] Richter, Marlise (2003). "Traditional Medicines and Traditional Healers in South Africa" (PDF). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.

[MedPlantsSA-9] van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch; Gericke, Nigel (1999). Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-875093-37-3.

[10] "Culture of Zimbabwe".

[11] "Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association (ZINATHA)". Archived from the original on 2014-04-20.

[12] Angus Shaw, (1993) Kandaya, Another time, Another place, Baobab Books

[13] Arkovitz, M. S.; Manley, M. (July 1990). "Specialization and referral among the n'anga (traditional healers) of Zimbabwe". Trop Doct. 20 (3): 109–10. doi:10.1177/004947559002000306. PMID 2219419. S2CID 6659696.

[14] Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.

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