Neophasia menapia, the pine white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in the western United States and in southern British Columbia, Canada.[1][2][3]
| Pine white | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pieridae |
| Genus: | Neophasia |
| Species: | N. menapia
|
| Binomial name | |
| Neophasia menapia | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
It is mostly white with black veins and wing bars. The species is similar to Neophasia terlooii but their ranges only overlap in New Mexico.[1][2]
The wingspan is 42–50 millimetres (1.7–2.0 in).[1] Its habitats include pine forests and Douglas fir forests in northern coastal California.[4]
The host plants are Pinus species, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Abies balsamea, Abies grandis, and Picea sitchensis.[5] Adults feed on flower nectar from rabbitbrush, other yellow-flowered composites, and monarda.[4]
Neophasia menapia are a univoltine species that lay their eggs on live pine needles, as stated by a scientific research paper ("Phylogeography and the population genertics of pine butterflies") that details the differences between Neophasia.[6]
Subspecies
editSubspecies include:
- Neophasia menapia menapia
- Neophasia menapia tau (Scudder, 1861)[7]
- Neophasia menapia melanica Scott, 1981
- Neophasia menapia tehachapina Emmel, Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
- Neophasia menapia megamenapia Austin, 1998
References
edit- ^ a b c Pine White, Butterflies of Canada
- ^ a b Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003). Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. ISBN 0618153128
- ^ "Species Neophasia menapia - Pine White - Hodges#4187 - BugGuide.Net". bugguide.net.
- ^ a b "Neophasia menapia". explorer.natureserve.org.
- ^ Neophasia, funet.fi
- ^ Halbritter, Dale A.; Storer, Caroline G.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Daniels, Jaret C. (2019). "Phylogeography and population genetics of pine butterflies: Sky islands increase genetic divergence". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (23): 13389–13401. Bibcode:2019EcoEv...913389H. doi:10.1002/ece3.5793. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6912906. PMID 31871652.
- ^ Pelham, J. A Catalogue of the Butterflies and Moths of the United States and Canada. Revised 18 April 2019
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