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List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes

(Redirected from Nazi war criminals)

The following is a list of people who were formally indicted for committing war crimes or crimes against humanity on behalf of the Axis powers during World War II, including those who were acquitted or never received judgement. It does not include people who may have committed war crimes but were never formally indicted, or who were indicted only for other types of crimes.

The Nuremberg trials

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Main article: Nuremberg trials
  • Martin Bormann – Guilty, sentenced in absentia to death by hanging. Later proven he committed suicide to avoid capture at the end of World War II in Europe, and remains discovered in 1972 were conclusively proven to be Bormann by forensic tests on the skull in 1998. Nonetheless, Simon Wiesenthal, Hugh Thomas and Reinhard Gehlen refused to accept this. Gehlen further argued Bormann was the secret Russian double agent 'Sasha'.
  • Karl Dönitz – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment.
  • Hans Frank – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging
  • Wilhelm Frick – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging
  • Hans Fritzsche – Acquitted. Tried, convicted and sentenced to nine years' imprisonment by a separate West German denazification court. Released September 1950.
  • Walther Funk – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, released in 1957 due to poor health.
  • Hermann Göring – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging but committed suicide by ingesting cyanide two hours before the sentence was to be carried out.
  • Rudolf Hess – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, committed suicide in prison in 1987.
  • Alfred Jodl – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging. Henri Donnedieu de Vabres called the verdict a mistake in 1947. In 1953, the denazification courts reversed the decision and found Jodl not guilty. Within months, the decision of the denazification court was itself overturned. His property, confiscated in 1946, was returned to his widow.
  • Ernst Kaltenbrunner – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.
  • Wilhelm Keitel – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.
  • Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach – Medically unfit for trial.
  • Robert Ley – Committed suicide before his trial began.
  • Konstantin von Neurath – Guilty, sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment (released 1954 on grounds of ill health).
  • Franz von Papen – Acquitted. Tried, convicted and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment by a separate West German denazification court. Released on appeal in 1949.
  • Erich Raeder – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment (released 1955 on grounds of ill health).
  • Joachim von Ribbentrop – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.
  • Alfred Rosenberg – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.
  • Fritz Sauckel – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.
  • Hjalmar Schacht – Acquitted
  • Baldur von Schirach – Guilty, sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.
  • Arthur Seyss-Inquart – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.
  • Albert Speer – Guilty, sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.
  • Julius Streicher – Guilty, sentenced to death by hanging.

Subsequent Nuremberg trials

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Main article: Subsequent Nuremberg trials

The Doctors' Trial

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Main article: Doctors' Trial

The Milch Trial

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Main article: Milch Trial
  • Erhard Milch – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, commuted to 15 years (released in 1954)

The Judges' Trial

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Main article: Judges' Trial

The Pohl Trial

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Main article: Pohl Trial
  • Hans Heinrich Baier – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment (released in 1951)
  • Hans Bobermin – Guilty, sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment, commuted to 15 years (released in 1951)
  • Franz Eirenschmalz – Guilty, sentenced to death, commuted to nine years' imprisonment
  • Heinz Karl Fanslau – Guilty, sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment, commuted to 15 years
  • August Frank – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, commuted to 15 years
  • Hans Hohberg – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment (released in 1951)
  • Max Kiefer – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, commuted to 20 years (released in 1951)
  • Horst Klein – Acquitted
  • Georg Lörner – Guilty, sentenced to death, commuted to 15 years
  • Hans Lörner – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment (released in 1951)
  • Karl Mummenthey – Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, commuted to 20 years
  • Oswald Pohl – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Hermann Pook – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment (released in 1951)
  • Rudolf Scheide – Acquitted
  • Karl Sommer – Guilty, sentenced to death, commuted to 20 years' imprisonment
  • Erwin Tschentscher – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment (released in 1951)
  • Josef Vogt – Acquitted
  • Leo Volk – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment, commuted to 8 years

The Flick Trial

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Main article: Flick Trial

The IG Farben Trial

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Main article: IG Farben Trial

The Hostages Trial

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Main article: Hostages Trial

The RuSHA trial

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Main article: RuSHA trial

The Einsatzgruppen Trial

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Main article: Einsatzgruppen trial

The Krupp Trial

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Main article: Krupp Trial

The Ministries Trial

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Main article: Ministries Trial

The High Command Trial

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Main article: High Command Trial

The Auschwitz trial

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Main article: Auschwitz trial

The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials

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Main article: Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials

The Dachau Trial

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Main article: Dachau Trials

Dachau

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Malmedy massacre trial (please note that these are the original sentences; many were altered later)

  • Bersin, Valentin
  • Bode, Friedel
  • Braun, Willi
  • Briesemeister, Kurt
  • Christ, Friedrich – sentenced to death
  • Clotten, Roman
  • Coblenz, Manfred
  • Josef Diefenthal – sentenced to death
  • Josef Dietrich – sentenced to life imprisonment
  • Eckmann, Fritz
  • Fischer, Arndt
  • Georg Fleps – sentenced to death
  • Friedrichs, Heinz
  • Gebauer, Fritz
  • Godicke, Heinz
  • Goldschmidt, Ernst
  • Gruhle, Hans
  • Hammerer, Max
  • Hecht, Armin
  • Hendel, Willi – sentenced to death
  • Hennecke, Hans
  • Hillig, Hans
  • Hoffmann, Heinz
  • Hoffmann, Joachim – sentenced to death
  • Huber, Hubert
  • Jaekel, Siegfried
  • Junker, Benoni
  • Kies, Friedel – sentenced to death
  • Gustav Knittel – sentenced to life imprisonment
  • Kotzur, Georg
  • Fritz Krämer – sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment
  • Klingelhoefer, Oskar
  • Kuehn, Werner
  • Maute, Erich
  • Mikolaschek, Arnold
  • Motzheim, Anton
  • Meunkemer, Erich
  • Neve, Gustav
  • Ochmann, Paul Hermann
  • Joachim Peiper – sentenced to death
  • Pletz, Hans
  • Preuss, Georg
  • Hermann Priess – sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment
  • Rau, Fritz
  • Rauh, Theo
  • Rehagel, Heinz
  • Reiser, Rolf
  • Richter, Wolfgang
  • Rieder, Max
  • Ritzer, Rolf
  • Rodenburg, Axel
  • Rumpf, Erich
  • Schaefer, Willi
  • Von Schamier, Willi
  • Schwambach, Rudolf
  • Claus Schilling – Dachau camp doctor, sentenced to death for conducting experiments for malaria treatment on prisoners.
  • Sickel, Kurt
  • Siegmund, Oswald
  • Sievers, Franz
  • Siptrott, Hans
  • Sprenger, Gustac
  • Sternebeck, Werner
  • Heinz Stickel – sentenced to death
  • Stock, Herbert
  • Erwin Szyperski – sentenced to life imprisonment
  • Tomczak, Edmund
  • Heinz Tomhardt – sentenced to death
  • Tonk, August
  • Trettin, Hans
  • Wassenberger, Johann
  • Weis, Guenther
  • Werner, Erich
  • Wichmann, Otto
  • Zwigart, Paul

Buchenwald

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Mauthausen

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Main article: Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials

Flossenbürg

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  • Konrad Blomberg – sentenced to death
  • Christian Mohr – sentenced to death
  • Ludwig Schwarz – sentenced to death
  • Bruno Skierka – sentenced to death
  • Albert Roller – sentenced to death
  • Erhard Wolf – sentenced to death
  • Josef Wurst – sentenced to death
  • Cornelius Schwanner – sentenced to death
  • Josef Hauser – sentenced to death
  • Christian Eisbusch – sentenced to death
  • Willi Olschewski – sentenced to death
  • August Ginschel – sentenced to death
  • Wilhelm Brusch – sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment
  • Karl Keiling – sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment
  • Alois Schubert – sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment
  • Ludwig Buddensieg – life imprisonment
  • Johann Geisberger – life imprisonment
  • Michael Gelhard – life imprisonment
  • Erich Mußfeldt – sentenced to death
  • Hermann Pachen – life imprisonment
  • Erich Penz – life imprisonment
  • Josef Pinter – life imprisonment
  • Alois Jakubith – life imprisonment
  • Karl Mathoi – life imprisonment
  • Georg Weilbach – life imprisonment
  • Raymond Maurer – 30 years' imprisonment
  • Gerhard Haubold – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Eduard Losch – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Walter Reupsch – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Kurt Erich Schreiber – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Hermann Sommerfeld – 15 years' imprisonment
  • August Fahrnbauer – 15 years' imprisonment
  • Peter Bongartz – 15 years' imprisonment
  • Walter Paul Adolf Neye – 15 years' imprisonment
  • Hans Johann Lipinski – 10 years' imprisonment
  • Gustav Matzke – 10 years' imprisonment
  • Karl Gräber – 10 years' imprisonment
  • Franz Berger – 3½ years' imprisonment
  • Joseph Becker – 1 year's imprisonment
  • Karl Buttner – Acquitted
  • Karl Friedrich Alois Gieselmann – Acquitted
  • Georg Hoinisch – Acquitted
  • Theodor Retzlaff – Acquitted
  • Peter Herz – Acquitted

Mühldorf

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  • Franz Auer – sentenced to death
  • Erika Flocken – sentenced to death
  • Wilhelm Jergas – sentenced to death
  • Herbert Spaeth – sentenced to death
  • Otto Sperling – sentenced to death
  • Heinrich Engelhardt – life imprisonment
  • Hermann Giesler – life imprisonment
  • Karl Gickeleiter – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Wilhelm Griesinger – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Jakob Schmidberger – 20 years' imprisonment
  • Daniel Gottschling – 15 years' imprisonment
  • Wilhelm Bayha – 10 years' imprisonment
  • Karl Bachmann – Acquitted
  • Anton Ostermann – Acquitted

Dora-Nordhausen

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Main article: Dora Trial

The Belsen Trial

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Main article: Belsen Trial

The Neuengamme Trials

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  • Max Pauly – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • SS Dr Bruno Kitt – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Anton Thumann – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Johann Reese – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Willy Warnke – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • SS Dr Alfred Trzebinski – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Heinrich Ruge – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Wilhem Bahr – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Andreas Brems – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Wilhelm Dreimann – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Adolf Speck – Guilty, sentenced to death
  • Karl Totzauer – Guilty, sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment
  • Karl Wiedemann – Guilty, sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment
  • Walter Kümmel – Guilty, sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment

Bucharest People’s Tribunal

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Main article: Romanian People's Tribunals
See also: Rehabilitation of war criminals in post-Communist Romania

International Military Tribunal for the Far East

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Main article: International Military Tribunal for the Far East

(trials held in Tokyo)

Other trials were held at various locations in the Far East by the United States in the Philippines, Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and other Allied countries. In all, a total of 920 Japanese military personnel and civilians were executed following World War II.[1]

Khabarovsk War Crime Trials

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Main article: Khabarovsk War Crime Trials

By Nationality

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Austrian

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Franz Stangl, commandant at Treblinka and Sobibor

Croatian

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Danish

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  • Søren Kam – (1921–2015) Member of the Nazi Party of Denmark, who fled from Denmark to Germany after the war, and later became a German citizen. On September 21, 2006, Kam was detained in the German town of Kempten im Allgäu. He was wanted in Denmark for the assassination of Danish newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen in Copenhagen in August 1943.

Dutch

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  • Pieter Menten, sentenced to 10 years in prison and fined 100,000 guilders for war crimes in 1980, released in 1986, died 1987.

Important Dutch collaborators sentenced by the special tribunals in The Netherlands in connection with the Second World War. There have been 14,562 convictions pronounced by the special tribunals, and 49,920 sentences by courts. The special tribunals sentenced in more than 10,000 cases to prison sentences of 3 years or more, and in 152 cases condemned the guilty persons to death, many of which were commuted to life sentences or less. The other courts decided in 30,784 cases on internment of 1 up to 10 years and in 38,984 cases on forfeit of certain civil rights.

Estonian

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French

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  • Philippe Pétain - Sentenced to death, later commuted to life in prison, died in 1951
  • Pierre Laval - Sentenced to death and executed in 1945

German

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Hungarian

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  • László Bárdossy – Prime Minister of Hungary from April 1941 to March 1942. Sentenced to death.
  • László Deák - Hungarian Colonel involved in the Novi Sad massacre. Later a Waffen-SS Colonel. Sentenced to death.
  • Ferenc Feketehalmy-Czeydner - Hungarian General commanded the Novi Sad massacre. Later a Waffen-SS General. Deputy Minister of Defense under Szálasi. Sentenced to death.
  • József Grassy - Hungarian General involved in the Novi Sad massacre. Later a Waffen-SS General. Sentenced to death.
  • Béla Imrédy – Prime Minister of Hungary 1938–1939. Sentenced to death.
  • Károly Beregfy - Hungarian General and Minister of Defense under Szálasi. Sentenced to death.
  • Ferenc Szombathelyi - Hungarian Chief of the General Staff September 1941 to April 1944. Sentenced to death.
  • Ferenc Szálasi – Arrow Cross Party government Prime Minister of Hungary from October 1944 to March 1945. Sentenced to death.
  • Döme Sztójay – Prime Minister of Hungary from March to August 1944. Sentenced to death.
  • Gábor Vajna - Interior Minister under Szálasi. Sentenced to death.
  • Márton Zöldi - Hungarian gendarmerie commander involved in the Novi Sad massacre. Sentenced to death.

Italian

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  • Nicola Bellomo – sentenced to death by firing squad and executed on 11 September 1945.
  • Pietro Caruso – sentenced to death by firing squad and executed on 22 September 1944.
  • Guido Buffarini Guidi – executed 10 July 1945.
  • Pietro Koch – sentenced to execution by firing squad, sentence carried out 4 June 1945.

Japanese

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Latvian

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  • Edgars Laipenieks - Former Olympic athlete (1936 Summer Games 5000m run).[6] Worked for the Latvian Political Police as an administrator of Riga Central Prison for political prisoners during Nazi occupation.[7] "Witnesses who testified in 1982 at a deportation hearing in San Diego said Laipenieks was responsible for ordering the execution there of at least 200 prisoners from 1941 to 1943."[6] Recruited by the CIA in 1960.[8] Moved to the US in 1960 and worked under the name Edgar Laipenieks as a sports coach.[9][10]
  • Konrāds Kalējs – Immigrated to Australia in 1950; moved to the United States in 1959; deported from the United States to Australia in 1994; fled from Australia to Canada in 1995; deported from Canada 1997; moved to England; and then to Australia. Died in Australia in 2001. A member of the Arajs Kommando.
  • Boļeslavs Makovskis – Fled from the United States to West Germany in 1987; put on trial in 1990; his trial was quashed.
  • Elmārs Sproģis – Sproģis was charged with concealing his role as assistant police chief in Nazi-occupied Latvia when he applied for U.S. citizenship in 1950. A witness "said Sprogis ordered him to deliver valuables taken from Jews scheduled to be executed."[11] In 1984, a federal judge ruled the government had failed to prove Sproģis "had helped the Nazis kill Jews in Latvia during World War II."[12]

Lithuanian

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  • Aleksandras Lileikis - Chief of Lithuania's secret police during Nazi occupation. Recruited by the CIA in Munich in 1952. Entered the United States in 1955 and settled in central Massachusetts. Deported to Lithuania in 1996.[13]: 213–226 
  • Juozas Kisielaitis - Member of Lithuanian 12th Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Schutzmannschaft, responsible for the murder of thousands of Jews.[14][15][16] Fled the US, where he was residing under the name "Joseph" or "Joe" Kisielaitis, for Canada in 1984.[17][18]
  • Kazys Gimzauskas - Second-in-command to Aleksandras Lileikis in the Lithuanian secret police during Nazi occupation. In charge of "interrogating" Jews. Recruited by the CIA. Moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1955.[13]: 218  Convicted of genocide but spared prison for health reasons.[19]
  • Vladas Zajanckauskas – In 2005 at the age 89, his U.S. citizenship was ordered revoked in 2007. He was ordered to be deported.

Polish

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  • Dmytro Sawchuk - Guard at Trawniki and Poniatowa slave-labor camps, and at Belzec death camp.[20] Became a naturalized US citizen in 1957.[21] Sawchuk fled the United States in 1999 and renounced his citizenship.[22]

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

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Ukrainian

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Spackman, Chris; contributors (2002–2004). An Encyclopedia of Japanese History. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ "Kurt Christmann". Archived from the original on 2015-01-25.
  3. ^ "GERMANS WON'T CHARGE EX-SS GUARD, OFFICIALS SAY". Chicago Tribune. 1987-10-28. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  4. ^ "U.S. Deports Man Accused of Lying About His Nazi SS Past". Los Angeles Times. 1987-10-27. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  5. ^ "The World : W. Germans Free Ex-Nazi". Los Angeles Times. 1987-10-28. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  6. ^ a b Freed, David (January 10, 1985). "Court Rejects U.S. Bid to Oust Accused War Criminal". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ^ https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2012/08/14/2949.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  8. ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (October 18, 1976). "Some Suspected of Nazi War Crimes Are Known as Model Citizens". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  9. ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (October 15, 1976). "Nazi War Crimes Suspect Asserts C.I.A. Used Him as Anti-Soviet Spy". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  10. ^ "Court Rules Against Deporting Alleged Nazi War Criminal". March 20, 2015.
  11. ^ "Alleged Nazi Collaborator Cleared". March 20, 2015.
  12. ^ "L.I. Man Exonerated In Nazi Atrocity Case". The New York Times. May 19, 1984 – via NYTimes.com.
  13. ^ a b c Lichtblau, Eric (2014). The Nazis Next Door: How America Became a Safe Haven for Hitler's Men. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-66919-9.
  14. ^ Solomon, Michael (1985-05-02). "Alleged Nazi War Criminal Living in Canada After Fleeing the U.S. to Avoid Deportation Proceedings". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  15. ^ "War crimes suspect lives quietly in Montreal". CBC. 2001-11-26.
  16. ^ Taylor, Mark (2002-01-31). "Former battalion member surfaces in Canada". The Baltic Times.
  17. ^ "2 War Crime Suspects Leave United States". The New York Times. AP. April 30, 1985.
  18. ^ "#083: 02-15-02 ACCUSED WORLD WAR II NAZI CRIMINAL BLOCKED IN CANADA FROM ENTERING THE UNITED STATES" (Press release). U.S. Department of Justice. 2001-02-15.
  19. ^ Tracevskis, Rokas (22 February 2001). "U.S. officials applaud Gimzauskas conviction". The Baltic Times.
  20. ^ "#251: 06-03-98 - JUSTICE DEPARTMENT MOVES TO REVOKE U.S. CITIZENSHIP OF FORMER NAZI COLLABORATOR" (Press release). U.S. Department of Justice. 1998-06-03.
  21. ^ Zielbauer, Paul (June 11, 1999). "Man Accused in Nazi Case Leaves Country". The New York Times.
  22. ^ "#241: 06-10-99 UNTITLED" (Press release). U.S. Department of Justice. 1999-06-10.
  23. ^ Albanese, David (2015). In search of a lesser evil: anti-Soviet nationalism and the Cold War (PhD thesis). Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
  24. ^ Richard Breitman. "Tscherim Soobzokov" (PDF). Government Secrecy e-Prints. Federation of American Scientists.
  25. ^ Blum, Howard (1977). Wanted! The Search for Nazis in America. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co. ISBN 0812906071.
  26. ^ David Rising, Randy Herschaft and Monika Scislowska, Associated Press, Commander in Nazi SS-led unit living in U.S., June 14, 2013.
  27. ^ Liffey, Kevin (2023-10-20). "Russia charges Ukrainian war veteran mistakenly honoured by Canada with genocide". Reuters.
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