The National Security Committee (NSC), also known as the National Security Committee of Cabinet,[1] is the paramount decision-making body for national security and major foreign policy matters in the Australian Government. It is a committee of the Cabinet of Australia, though decisions of the NSC do not require the endorsement of the Cabinet itself.[2][3][4]
 | |
| Committee overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1996 |
| Headquarters | Parliament House, Canberra |
| Committee executives |
|
| Parent department | Cabinet of Australia |
History
editThe origins of the NSC stem from the 1977 tabled recommendations of the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security, established on 21 August 1974 by Australia's Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and led by Justice Robert Hope, for the creation of a "ministerial committee on intelligence and security to give general oversight and policy control to the intelligence community".[5][6][7]
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser consequently established the National and International Security Committee in 1977.[7] Prime Minister Bob Hawke also continued the format of the National and International Security Committee as a subcommittee of the Defence and External Relations Committee to consider and report on national security, defence and international relations.[8]
The current format of the National Security Committee was created by Prime Minister John Howard in 1996 with a broad national security mandate including foreign policy and international economic issues. Under Howard the NSC also played a central role in the lead up and during the International Force for East Timor deployment, the formulation of Defence White Papers, and the Australian involvement in the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War.[7]
In 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd revamped the Australian national security framework with the creation of the intergovernmental officials-level National Intelligence Coordination Committee (NICC) and the public service position of National Security Adviser (NSA) within the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The National Intelligence Coordination Committee plays a central role in advising national intelligence priorities and supporting a coordinated approach by the National Intelligence Community to directions by the NSC.
The National Security Adviser was created without a statutory footing but was tasked with ranging responsibilities including counterterrorism, emergency management, and defence strategic policy.[9] The role of National Security Adviser was disbanded by Prime Minister Tony Abbott in 2013.[10]
Role
editThe responsibilities of the National Security Committee include to deliberate and decide on Australia's national security issues, including international security issues of strategic relevance, Australian border security, national responses to domestic and international crises and terrorism, military operations and the deployment of the Australian Defence Force, and the operation and activities of the National Intelligence Community.[11]
The NSC also considers issues of defence acquisition and recommendations from the Department of Defence's Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group.[12]
Its decisions do not require the endorsement of Cabinet.[13]
War powers
editThe Constitution of Australia does not contain a provision that expressly states who is responsible for committing Australia to war.[14][15] Contemporary practice, is that a decision to commit the Australian Defence Force to an "international armed conflict is an exercise of prerogative power pursuant to section 61 of the Constitution" that is made by the Prime Minister and NSC without involving the Governor-General.[16][17] The NSC may refer its decision to the full Cabinet for its endorsement.[18] The Commonwealth Government has never been required by the Constitution or legislation to seek parliamentary approval for decisions to deploy military forces overseas or go to war.[19][20]
Biosecurity
edit2020 coronavirus state of emergency
editThe NSC met numerous times in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, with attendance by the Minister for Health, Greg Hunt, and former Chief Medical Officer, Brendan Murphy, who began Australia's health response to COVID-19.[21][22]
On 5 March 2020, the Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, announced that the NSC had agreed to new travel restrictions, updated travel advice and implemented new screening measures for COVID-19, aimed to "slow the importation of COVID-19 cases into Australia to enable preparatory measures to continue and to enable a public health response to the initial cases".
On 18 March 2020,[23] a human biosecurity emergency was declared in Australia owing to the risks to human health posed by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, after the NSC had met the previous day. The Biosecurity Act 2015 specifies that the Governor-General may declare such an emergency exists if the Health Minister (then Greg Hunt) is satisfied that "a listed human disease is posing a severe and immediate threat, or is causing harm, to human health on a nationally significant scale". This gives the Minister sweeping powers, including imposing restrictions or preventing the movement of people and goods between specified places, and evacuations.[24] The Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration 2020 was declared by the Governor-General, David Hurley, under Section 475 of the Act.[23]
Ministerial membership
editThe Prime Minister determines the membership of NSC. Under the current Albanese Government, the NSC is chaired by the Prime Minister with the Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister as deputy chair. In July 2022, Albanese added Chris Bowen, the Minister for Climate Change to the committee.[25]
Members of the Committee as of July 2022[update] are:[13]
| Image | Office holder | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|
|
Anthony Albanese MP | Prime Minister (chair) |
|
Richard Marles MP | Deputy Prime Minister (deputy chair) |
|
Jim Chalmers MP | Treasurer |
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|
Senator Penny Wong | Minister for Foreign Affairs |
|
Senator Katy Gallagher | Minister for Finance |
|
Chris Bowen MP | Minister for Climate Change and Energy |
| Tony Burke MP | Minister for Home Affairs, Minister for Cybersecurity, Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs | |
|
Mark Dreyfus MP | Attorney-General |
|
Pat Conroy MP | Minister for Defence Industry |
Formerly under the Turnbull government, the ministerial Cabinet Secretary was also a member.[26][11]
Other attendees
editAs the peak decision-making body on national security, the NSC is also attended and advised by the Secretaries for each respective public service department represented by a Minister on the NSC. As such, NSC attendance also includes the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, the Department of Defence, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Department of the Treasury, and the Department of Home Affairs.[27]
The Chief of the Defence Force and other senior ADF officers also attend if requested or required by the NSC.[27]
Other government ministers, such as the Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment, are invited to attend meetings as required. The Leader of the Opposition is also sometimes invited to attend for important briefings.[28]
As mentioned above, the NSC met numerous times during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic with attendance by the Minister for Health and the Chief Medical Officer.[29]
Secretaries Committee on National Security
editThe Secretaries Committee on National Security (SCNS) (formerly the Secretaries Committee on Intelligence and Security) serves as the peak officials-level committee considering national security matters and directly supports the NSC. It is an interdepartmental committee which considers all major matters to be put before the NSC and supports the whole-of-government coordination of national security policy.[2][30]
The SCNS membership is composed of the secretaries for each respective public service department represented by a Minister on the NSC as well as the heads of Australian Intelligence Community agencies and other national security related agencies.[12]
- Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
- Secretary of the Department of Defence
- Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- Secretary of the Department of the Treasury
- Secretary of the Department of Home Affairs
- Director-General of the Office of National Intelligence
- Director-General of Security
- Director-General of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service
- Director of the Defence Intelligence Organisation
- Director of the Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation
- Director of the Australian Signals Directorate
- Chief of the Defence Force
- Commissioner of the Australian Federal Police
- Commissioner of the Australian Border Force
- Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
Secretariat
editThe National Security and International Policy Group of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet provides secretariat support functions for the NSC and SCNS.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Legislation, Accountability & Privacy". Office of National Intelligence. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Legislation, Accountability & Privacy". oni.gov.au. Office of National Intelligence. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "The Australian Intelligence Community". igis.gov.au. Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "National Security Committee". directory.gov.au. Department of Finance. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ Farson, Stuart; Phythian, Mark (2001). Commissions of Inquiry and National Security: Comparative Approaches. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishing. pp. 18. ISBN 9780313384684.
- ^ Coventry, CJ (2018). "Origins of the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security". hcommons.org. Humanities Commons. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b c Gyngell, Allan; Wesley, Michael (2007). Making Australian Foreign Policy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780521832342.
- ^ "Ministeral Committees". pmc.gov.au. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 1983. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ Lowenthal, Mark M (2016). Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 9781544325064.
- ^ Koutsoukis, Jason (25 October 2013). "Tony Abbott dismantles role of national security adviser by stealth, insiders say". smh.com.au. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b Grattan, Michelle (17 November 2015). "Cabinet's national security committee – an uber group for ministers". theconversation.com. The Conversation. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b c Babbage, Ross (May 2008). "Strategic Decision-Making: Optimising Australia's National Security Planning and Coordination for 2015" (PDF). regionalsecurity.org.au. Kokoda Foundation. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b "National Security Committee". Government Online Directory. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ McKeown, Deirdre; Jordan, Roy (22 March 2010). "Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas" (PDF). Background note. Department of Parliamentary Services. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2014.
- ^ Nelson, Brendan (July 2015). "The Role of Government and Parliament in the Decision to Go to War" (PDF). Papers on Parliament Lectures in the Senate Occasional Lecture Series, and Other Papers (63). Canberra: Department of the Senate, Parliament House: 3. ISSN 1031-976X. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ Australia. Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (March 2023). Inquiry into international armed conflict decision making (PDF) (Report). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 14, 17–18. ISBN 9781760924874. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ McKeown & Jordan 2010, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022). Cabinet Handbook (PDF) (15th ed.). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. p. 41. ISBN 9781925365139. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ McKeown & Jordan 2010, p. 1.
- ^ Nelson 2015, p. 3.
- ^ "Coronavirus: PM to convene national security committee, review Australia's response". The Australian. 31 January 2020.
- ^ Scott, Kellie (17 March 2020). "Almost 100,000 coronavirus testing kits due to land in Australia to bolster diminishing stocks". ABC News. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration2020" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ McPhee, Sarah (17 March 2020). "Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia". NewsComAu. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Climate Change Minister Chris Bowen added to powerful National Security Committee of Cabinet". The Canberra Times. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "National security agencies". nationalsecurity.gov.au. Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b Brown, James (29 June 2016). "The case for an Australian National Security Council". aspistrategist.org.au. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "Defence and national security". ncoa.gov.au. National Commission of Audit. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ Coronavirus: PM to convene national security committee, review Australia’s response The Australian 31 January 2020
- ^ "Protective Security Policy Framework: Securing Government business" (PDF). protectivesecurity.gov.au. Attorney-General's Department. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2020.