Nala Damajanti was the stage name of a late 19th-century snake charmer who toured with P.T. Barnum's circus and performed at the famed Folies Bergère in Paris. French sources identify her as Emilie Poupon (1861–1944), born in Nantey, Jura Department, France. Promotional posters of Nala Damajanti have been widely reproduced and are thought to have inspired one of the popular folk images of the African water spirit Mami Wata. Similar acts performing under slightly variant names such as Mala Damajaute, Nata Damajaute, and Nala Damajante are thought to have been the same person.[1]
Origins
editA 17 March 1887 French-language article in Le Gaulois revealed that Nala Damajanti was born Emilie Poupon in Nantey, France on 4 July 1861 (the civil registration agrees except for giving the date as 5 July, identifying her father and mother as Xavier Poupon and Madeleine Perrodin[2]). In 1881 she was working as a governess with a French family in St. Petersburg, Russia, when she fell in love with and later married a ceiling-walking acrobat by the name of Palmer who introduced her to the art of snake charming. A record of her marriage to John Palmer in Walworth, Surrey, England on 20 Apr 1886 gives her full name as Mathilde Marie Amelia Poupon, aged 24, and her father's name as Xavier Poupon.[3] After developing her skills, she toured in America and joined Barnum's famous circus troupe in 1885. She then returned to Paris to perform at the Folies Bergère (debuting on 18 February 1887[4]).
The revelation of Nala Damajanti's given name was prompted by a lawsuit, in which the plaintiff had confused her with another person. As Poupon was scheduled to depart for Hamburg in the near future, with her eight enormous boas, she allowed her true identity to be revealed to have the case resolved as soon as possible.[5]
Most Nala Damajanti posters claim that she was a Hindu, and the name is apparently a combination of the names of husband-and-wife characters from the Indian epic the Mahabharata, Nala and Damajanti.
Henry Drewal indicated that in Hamburg, Germany, a professional animal dealer named Breitwieser[6] who often worked as a specialist snake procurer with the Tierpark Hagenbeck, a famous zoo in Hamburg, returned from a supposed trip to Asia with a new wife who performed as a snake charmer under the name of Maladamajaute, starting around 1880.[7] Drewal supposed that she might have come from Samoa or Borneo. Lademann-Priemer goes to some lengths to demonstrate the possibility of this idea.[8] Lorenz Hagenbeck, son of Carl Hagenbeck, the zoo's founder, recalled in his autobiography that Breitwieser's wife had "done stage business with snakes" and that Breitwieser had been a showman at one time.[9]
Carl Hagenbeck fondly recalled her in a section of his 1909 autobiography Von Tieren und Menschen,[10] though in the 1912 abridged English translation, that portion was omitted.[11] Hagenbeck refers to her as a "Provençalin" (a native of Provence). He further relates that she married an (unnamed) circus ceiling-walker, and they developed an innovative snake taming technique that allowed them to create an extremely successful act that toured America under the name Nala Damajante to much acclaim. Hagenbeck remarks that she was his best snake customer for some time and describes her as having an extraordinarily graceful figure, with large, attractive dark eyes, and long unusually dark hair.
On 4 October 1884, "Nala Damajanta" published a notice in the New York Clipper that she had severed her relationship with her manager John Palmer. On 11 October, John Palmer (son of prominent ceiling-walker James Palmer) published a notice in the same publication that "Nala Damajanta (so called) whom I had engaged for the last three years" had severed their business relationship unilaterally. He asserted his rights to the name under that and other spellings and stated that he had engaged another performer from Europe to come to America and continue the act. In 1894, Palmer was still managing the act[12] and was referred to as "husband of Nala Damajanti" in his 1896 obituary.[13]
In a humorous anecdote recounted in Puck,[14] while traveling with the Forepaugh circus, Nala Damajante was reported to have stated that she was from Connecticut.[15] However, in a 9 January 1884 interview for the Daily Alta California, she claimed to be 24 years old and born in the "French settlements of Judea." The reporter noted that her command of English seemed to be "so poor that no attempt is made here to reproduce her queer pronunciation and phraseology."[16] In 1885, when she was playing at Madison Square Garden, a New York Tribune interview indicated a strong French accent, and her husband John Palmer ("Prodigious Palmer, the Human Fly") was said to have translated much of the conversation. Then, she gave her birthplace as one of the "French provinces of India" and relayed that her father was "a hunter of wild beasts for native and European menageries."[17] In 1894 interview for the London weekly To-Day, during a run at the Palace Theatre, she claimed to be a native of Pondicherry.[18]
After John Palmer's death, Poupon married William John Kruyt on 4 April 1900 in Soho, London, England.[19] They later immigrated to the United States, where she usually went by the name Mathilda Kruit. She died in New York City at the age of 83 on 17 June 1944.[20]
Legacy
editA poster of Nala Damajanti has been noted as "one of the most beautiful" to have come out of the Folies Bergėre.[21] Even in the early 21st century, her posters are widely reproduced. Nala Damajanti's image is thought to have inspired popular folk depictions of the African water spirit Mami Wata and of the Dominican spiritual figure Santa Marta la Dominadora. The proximate source of this transmission may have been a calendar published in Bombay, India in 1955, which reproduced a Maladamajaute image.[7][22]
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Nala Damajanti is thought to have been an inspiration for a limited series of highly prized automata produced in 1907 by the noted French firm Roullet & Decamps titled "la Charmeuse de Serpent," one of which was auctioned for a then-record price in 1977.[23] A 1907 painting by Henri Rousseau with the same theme, titled La Charmeuse de serpents ("The snake charmer"), may have been inspired by the same source.[24]
Notes and references
edit- ^ Garcia Catalyud, Carmen (2013). "Miss Damajaute". Comentarios de Chapito (in Spanish). 18. Union de Profesionales y Amigos de las Artes Circenses: 32–33. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ Archives départementales du Jura; Lons-le-Saunier), France; Etat-Civil Registers, 1790-1912
- ^ "England Marriages, 1538–1973 ," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NJSJ-99W : 10 February 2018), John Palmer and Mathilde Marie Amelia Poupon, 20 Apr 1886; citing St. John, Walworth, Surrey, England, reference P 89, 177, index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City; FHL microfilm 291,747.
- ^ "Petit Courrier". Le Gaulois (in French). 18 February 1887. p. 4.
- ^ "Chronique des Tribunaux". Le Gaulois (in French). 17 March 1887. p. 2.
- ^ Probably Heinrich Breitwieser (ca. 1864-?), who is listed on a 5 Nov 1901 Hamburg passenger list as a "Tierhändler" bound for Yokohama, see Staatsarchiv Hamburg. Hamburg Passenger Lists, 1850-1934 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
- ^ a b Drewal, Henry John (2013). "Beauteous Beast: The Water Deity Mami Wata in Africa". In Mittman, Asa Simon; Dendle, Peter J. (eds.). The Ashgate research companion to monsters and the monstrous. Farnham [u.a.]: Ashgate. p. 90. ISBN 9781472418012.
- ^ Lademann-Priemer, Gabriele (2013). "Mami Wata – Muttergottheit und Verführerin, Helferin und Dämon". In Kahl, Werner; Lademann-Priemer, Gabriele (eds.). Lebensstörungen und Heilungen: Traditionelle Verfahren des In-Ordnung-Bringens von Christus bis Mami Wata (PDF) (in German). Hamburg: Missionshilfe Verlag. pp. 26–30.
- ^ Hagenbeck, Lorenz (1956). Animals Are My Life. Translated by Alec Brown. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 25–26. (note Breitwieser spelled as "Breitweiser")
- ^ Hagenbeck, Carl (1909). Von Tieren und Menschen (in German). Berlin-Chiemnitz: Vita. pp. 279–281.
- ^ Hagenbeck, Carl (1912). Beasts and men, being Carl Hagenbeck's experiences for half a century among wild animals. Translated by Hugh S. R. Elliot; A. G. Thacker. London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 197. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ "Playing with a Python". Evening Express. No. 2187. Cardiff, Wales. 30 May 1894. p. 1. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ^ "Births, Deaths, Marriages and Obituaries". The Era. 25 April 1896.
On April 16th, at Dundee, John Palmer, husband of Nala Damajanti
- ^ Puck, (v. XV (381), p. 284, 1884)
- ^ Lidian (2009). "Snake Charming Women, Part 2: Emily Pompon and the Two Nalas". The Virtual Dime Museum. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ^ "Nala Damajante". Daily Alta California. 9 Jan 1884. p. 2.
- ^ "New-York Daily Tribune" (PDF). Woman Who Charms Big Snakes. 30 Mar 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ "The snake and its master". To-Day: A weekly magazine-journal, volume II. London. 17 Mar 1894. p. 181. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ "England & Wales Marriages". Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com Operations Inc. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ "New York, New York City Municipal Deaths, 1795-1949", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2WTN-JMB : 3 June 2020), Mathilde Kruit, 1944.
- ^ "Nala Damajanti, Snake Charmin' Lady". Vintage Poster Blog. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ Chireau, Yvonne. "The Strange Career of Mami Wata". Academic Hoodoo. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ Reyssat, Sophie (11 July 2008). "Les automates, jouets de luxe pour grands enfants". La Gazette Drouot (in French). Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Histoire d'automates" (Visitors Booklet) (in French). Théâtre des Sablons. 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2014.