Naj Tunich (Mopan Maya: /nah tunit͡ʃ/ "stone house, cave")[1] is a series of pre-Columbian era natural caves outside the village of La Compuerta, roughly 35 km east of Poptún in Guatemala.[2] The site was a Maya ritual pilgrimage site during the Classic period.[3] Artifacts show that the cave was accessed primarily during the Early Classic period. Deposits become rarer during the Late Classic period.[1] The fame of the cave, however, rests on its long Late Classic (c. AD 600–c. 900) hieroglyphic texts as well as on a considerable number painted scenes and figures.
| Naj Tunich Cave | |
|---|---|
 A wall drawing of a man in rare 3/4 profile, performing ritual genital bloodletting | |
| Location | Poptún, Guatemala |
| Discovery | 1979 |
| Geology | Karst |
In 2012, the caves were added to the Tentative Lists as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site. By that time, they were already a National Monument of Guatemala.[4]
Rediscovery
edit
According to the UNESCO summary, the caves were discovered by a Q'eqchi' Maya Native,[1] a hunter named Bernabé Poin mid 1979 while hunting peccary with his dogs. Bernabe and his father Emilio explored the cave and revealed its existence to an American, Mike Devine, who lived in the area; Devine then guided some people into the site. Later, topographic surveys were completed by James Brady.[4]
The first academic visitation to the site was made by Pierre Ventur in 1980.[1] Archaeological exploration commenced in 1981.[2] Explorers included teams from the Institute of Anthropology and History and, in 1981, from the National Geographic Society. It resulted in a map of the cave's passageways Naj Tunich has been thoroughly mapped and photographed in order to preserve as much of the paintings and hieroglyphs as possible.[1][5]
A photographic study was completed in 1988 by Andrea Joyce Stone. Her work was published as Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting by the University of Texas Press (ISBN 029272652X). The book included 199 monochrome photos, 296 line drawings and 14 maps.[6]
Stone stated that the cave had been vandalized several times by 1986 and that more serious vandalism occurred in 1989.[7] A news item stated that in 1989, unknown persons "scratched, scraped or smeared into oblivion more than 20 of the ... images and hieroglyphic texts".[8] The caves were closed to the public but copies of murals were painted in a replica cave; tours of that cave are available from a tour company.[9][10]
Site description
edit
The UNESCO web site provides details as to the contents of the site, including this paragraph:[4]
This representation of pictorial art is unique in its kind in the Maya world, not only for quality but also quantity. Furthermore, the capricious formations of nature have made stalactites and stalagmites, creating a magical world within the multiple rooms and meandering branches of the cave. Among its visual representations are approximately 90 images among which anthropomorphic characters, animals, deities, musical instruments and hieroglyphic texts are represented.
The cave is located on a “sheer limestone cliff face more than 200m above” the surrounding valley, making access difficult.[11] The cave mouth itself is located “at the end of a ravine."[1] This accessway also includes two mounds which form a “gateway” to the entrance of the cave.[1] Archaeologists note that while Naj Tunich cave was difficult to reach, the Maya altered the cave significantly through the use of architectural modifications.[11] These modifications included the construction of steps, walls, and the infilling of the cave floor.[11] Studies have shown that the materials required for these alterations were carefully chosen and carried from long distances.[11]
Naj Tunich cave is described as having a north-south orientation and includes two chambers, Chamber 1 and Chamber 2.[11] The entrance to Naj Tunich is large enough to allow for natural light to enter into Chamber 1.[1] The length of the cave is reported as 19m and the widest portion measuring 2.5m.[11] The width of the cave tunnels would have limited access to individual persons in some portions.[1] The cave had also featured “crystalline” stalagmites and stalactites of a yellowish, transparent hue.[11] But nearly all have been destroyed through either environmental or human causes.[11]
Naj Tunich cave is also associated with many artifacts relating to possible ritual activity. Maya artifacts at Naj Tunich include offerings of ceramics, lithics, bowls, precious minerals, copal incense, and human sacrifices.[12][13]
Chamber 1 includes wooden posts which are suspected to have created 2-3 smaller rooms within the chamber.[11] An elaborate, 14 meter high balcony was also constructed in Chamber 1.[1] This balcony is noted as including what would have been a shallow pool of water.[14] This pool was altered by the Maya through damming.[1] Chamber 1 also includes an altar or shrine area that includes a basin possibly associated with cosmological rituals.[11] Both the balcony and shrine located in Chamber 1 were also likely used in water rituals which may have deepened associations between the caverns, water, power, and natural order.[1][11]
Along with the features of Chamber 1, two other areas of Naj Tunich cave were associated with access and control of water. One of these is a natural pool of water “located 40 meters into the tunnel system."[1] The Maya had built a “small earthen platform” to the north of the pool.[1] The presence of a large artifact assemblage in the vicinity of the pool suggests that the area was heavily used.[1]
The second section of Chamber 1 that was associated with water is the “Silent Well,” located at the tunnel section furthest from the cave entrance.[1] The well is described as having a diameter of five meters and a long, muddy shaft.[1] Traces of ancient Maya foot prints have been found around the well.[1] Small amounts of clay are said to have been extracted from the Silent Well by pilgrims as mementos.[14] The Maya may have preferred the clay from the Silent Well because of its location deep within the cave.[14]
Chamber 2 is noted as being the smaller of the two chambers.[11] It is described as roughly circular and includes a natural window which could be covered in order to block sunlight.[15] Unfortunately, much of the architectural alterations made to Chamber 2 have been destroyed by looters.[15]
Archaeologists believe that Naj Tunich was associated with the Maya city of Uxbenká, as it is located 2.3 km south of the Stela Plaza.[15] In fact, it is believed that the Stela Plaza construction coincides with alterations made within Naj Tunich cave.[11] Archaeologists have also noted that individuals at the Stela Plaza in Uxbenká were capable of looking out to Naj Tunich and vice versa.[11] Which may be evidence of the importance of the relationship between the two sites.[11]
Naj Tunich and sacred geography
editMany studies have focused on Naj Tunich as being imbued with sacred, ritual power within Maya cosmology.[12][3] Primarily, it has been interpreted as having what the Maya refer to as “suhuy."[12] This word has been applied to things which are “unsullied by the human presence."[12] For the Maya, deep cave systems such as Naj Tunich may have represented the most untouched earthly domains.[12]
Naj Tunich is also unique in that it included cosmograms referred to as mesa which “defines the cosmic center and the four quarters” which originate from it.[16] Often, these four quarters were marked with “sacred stones” which would be of a similar size and spherical.[16] The center stone would represent the largest of the five stones.[16] Archaeologists have explained that for the Maya, Naj Tunich may have represented the house of a divine being or entrance to the underworld, Xibalba.[16]
Studies have shown that Naj Tunich also served as a pilgrimage site.[3][14] Researchers have noted that Naj Tunich may have represented access to economic, political, and material power.[14] As well as a magical source of fertility and “pure” or suhuy water.[12] Hieroglyphs at Naj Tunich have recorded the names of Maya elite who are said to have visited the site.[3] The sites associated with having visited Naj Tunich included “Caracol, Ixkun, Ixtutz, Calakmul, Dos Pilas, and possibly Xultun."[3]
Cave art and writing
editNaj Tunich also featured a great number of petroglyphs and paintings; as well as 500 hieroglyphs.[1] Naj Tunich is one of five caves which have been discovered to have Maya hieroglyphs.[17] Naj Tunich features the highest number of hieroglyphs of any Maya cave and the total number of hieroglyphs identified exceeds the number of all other Maya cave writing combined.[1][17] Archaeologists consider the artistic style at Naj Tunich as more refined than that of other Maya caves.[1]
The art of Naj Tunich cave varies greatly with subjects including mythological stories, deities, rituals, and performances.[12] Naj Tunich is also one of twenty two Maya sites to include “explicit sexual imagery."[18] These explicit depictions of male figures with erect genitalia may relate to all-male performances of sex and gender.[18] As well as a representation of homosexual desire and relationships.[18]
Multispectral imaging has been used to study pigments at Naj Tunich cave.[17] These studies show that at least three different pigments were used to create the images within the cave.[17] Multispectral imaging also showed that the images show signs of “over-painting, repainting or touching up” by the artists.[17]
Modern impact on the site
editSince its rediscovery, Naj Tunich cave has been heavily impacted by looters.[11][1] Looters have subsequently destroyed much of the architecture of the caves.[11] The looters ejected “artifacts, rocks, and architecture” from the cave mouth, destroying parts of the cave.[11] Conservation efforts led by the Uxbenká Cave Project (UCP) have assisted in salvage operations at Naj Tunich.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Brady, James; Stone, Andrea (1986). "Naj Tunich: Entrance to the Maya Underworld". Archaeology. 39 (6): 18–25.
- ^ a b Naj Tunich Oxford Art
- ^ a b c d e Stone, Joyce A. ""Spiritual Journeys, Secular Guises: Rock Art and Elite Pilgrimage at Naj Tunich Cave." Mexicon 36.2 (2014): 49-64".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Caves of Naj|Coordinates N16 16 32 W89 15 35
- ^ from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting|Andrea J. Stone
- ^ Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting
- ^ from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting|Page 4
- ^ of Guatemala cave unknown|Jul 17, 1991
- ^ Tunich|Lonely Planet
- ^ NAJ TUNICH
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Moyes, Holley; Prufer, Keith (2013). "The Geopolitics of Emerging Maya Rulers". Journal of Anthropological Research. 69 (2): 225–248. doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0069.204. S2CID 147098633.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stone, Andrea (1995). Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting. University of Texas Press.
- ^ Stone, Joyce (2014). "Spiritual Journeys, Secular Guises: Rock Art and Elite Pilgrimage at Naj Tunich Cave". Mexicon. 36 (2): 226–248.
- ^ a b c d e Brady, James; Rissolo, Dominique (2006). "A Reappraisal of Ancient Maya Cave Mining". Journal of Anthropological Research. 62 (4): 471–490. doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0062.402. S2CID 161870050.
- ^ a b c Moyes, Holley. ""The geopolitics of emerging Maya Rulers: A case study of Kayuko Naj Tunich, a foundational shrine at Uxbenká, Southern Belize." Journal of Anthropological Research 69.2 (2013): 225-248".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d Brady, James (2003). "In My Hill, in My Valley: The Importance of Place in Ancient Maya Ritual". San Diego Museum Papers. 42: 83–91.
- ^ a b c d e Ware, Gene; Chabries, Douglas; Christiansen, Richard; Brady, James; Martin, Curtis (2000). "Multispectral analysis of ancient Maya pigments: Implications for the Naj Tunich corpus". IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120). Vol. 6. pp. 2489–2491. doi:10.1109/igarss.2000.859616. ISBN 0-7803-6359-0. S2CID 62670148.
- ^ a b c Joyce, Rosemary. (2000)."A Precolumbian Gaze: Male Sexuality Among the Ancient Maya." In Archaeologies of Sexuality, edited by Schmidt, Robert A. and Voss, Barbara L., Routledge, 2007, pp. 263–283.
Bibliography
edit