The Muratorian fragment, also known as the Muratorian Canon (Latin: Canon Muratori), is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of most of the books of the New Testament. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a Latin manuscript bound in a roughly 8th-century codex from the library of Columbanus's monastery at Bobbio Abbey; it contains features suggesting it is a translation from a Greek original written in the late 2nd century (c. 170–200). Other scholars suggest it might have been originally written as late as the 4th century, although this is not the consensus opinion. Both the degraded condition of the manuscript and the poor Latin in which it was written have made it difficult to translate. The beginning of the fragment is missing, and it ends abruptly. The fragment consists of all that remains of a section of a list of all the works that were accepted as canonical by the churches known to its original compiler.
During the time period of early Christianity, there was no accepted "New Testament", merely books considered of greater or lesser value. While likely not intended strictly as a canon list, the fragment is evidence of among the first attempts to systemize such a group of approved writings, at least if it indeed dates to the 2nd century. Debates on what works should be accepted as scripture would continue. The earliest version of the eventual consensus New Testament canon did not occur until 367, when bishop Athanasius of Alexandria in his annual Easter letter composed a list that is still recognized today as the canon of 27 books.[1] However, it would take several more centuries of debate until agreement on Athanasius' canon was reached within all of Christendom.[2]
Manuscript history
editThe Muratorian fragment was discovered in the Ambrosian Library in Milan by Father Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), the most famous Italian historian of his generation. Realizing its significance and antiquity, he published it in 1740.[3] The manuscript was likely copied sometime during or near the 8th century at Bobbio Abbey.[4] A few lines of the Muratorian fragment were later found preserved in some codices of Paul's Epistles at the Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino.[5] These documents date from the 11th and 12th centuries, and the copied lines largely concur with the Bobbio version with minor variations.[6]
Authorship and date
edit
The original author of the fragment is unknown. The text of the list itself is traditionally dated to the second half of the second century because the author refers to Pius I, bishop of Rome (140—155), as recent:
But Hermas wrote The Shepherd "most recently in our time", in the city of Rome, while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the chair of the church of the city of Rome. And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among the Prophets, whose number is complete, or among the Apostles, for it is after their time.
Another reason suggesting a date toward the end of the second century is the concern with denouncing Marcion, a Christian bishop whose influence was the strongest in the second century, as well as Gnostics, who were also more prominent in the 2nd century than at later dates.[6][7]
The document contains a list of books the Roman church of his era considered authoritative — a predecessor to what would become the New Testament. A similar list concerning the Old Testament likely preceded it, but if such a section was written, it was not preserved in the fragment. The fragment is in barbarous Latin which has probably been translated from an original in Greek, the language prevailing in the second century Christian community of Rome. Bruce Metzger has advocated the traditional dating,[8] as has Charles E. Hill.[9] A reason to suspect an origin in the Western church, other than the obvious of the manuscript being found in Italy, is the absence of the Epistle to the Hebrews in the list, which appears to have been more widely accepted in the Greek-speaking east of the Roman Empire than in the Western, Roman church.[6]
Other scholars disagree with this dating, however. Albert Sundburg proposed a rival interpretation in 1973: that the fragment did not originate from Roman Christians, but rather the Greek-speaking east of the empire, and is dated to the fourth century due to its mention of the Apocalypse of Peter.[10] In this interpretation, the reference to the Shepherd of Hermas merely meant "recently" in a broader sense of "not stretching all the way back to the 1st century", in this view. Another option propounded by Clare Rothschild is that the fragment was written in Latin originally in the 4th century, possibly even later, and the reason for the awful Latin style was not poor translation but rather the copyist being unfamiliar with the abbreviation style used in the older manuscript. Rothschild also sees the fragment as a forgery attempting to portray itself as being written in the 2nd century, to explain the reference to the Shepherd and Pius. As an example, most scholars do not believe the Gelasian Decree to have been written by Pope Gelasius or even during his reign; similarly, it is possible that the writer was merely backdating their work by saying Pius was recent.[11]
The theories for a later composition date have in general not prevailed over the existing scholarly consensus suggesting a second century date as the most likely.[7][12][6] The Rothschild theory in particular has been criticized by scholar Christophe Guignard on many aspects.[13][14]
Contents
editThe unidentified author accepts four Gospels, the last two of which are Luke and John, but the names of the first two at the beginning of the list are missing. Scholars find it highly likely that the missing two gospels are Matthew and Mark, although this remains uncertain.[2] Also accepted by the author are the "Acts of all Apostles" and 13 of the Pauline Epistles (the Epistle to the Hebrews is not mentioned in the fragment). The author considers spurious the letters claiming to have Paul as author that are ostensibly addressed to the Laodiceans and to the Alexandrians. Of these he says they are "forged in Paul's name to [further] the heresy of Marcion."
Of the General epistles, the author accepts the Epistle of Jude and says that two epistles "bearing the name of John are counted in the catholic church". 1 Peter, 2 Peter, and James are not mentioned in the fragment. It is clear that the author assumed that the author of the Gospel of John was the same as the author of the First Epistle of John, for in the middle of discussing the Gospel of John he says "what marvel then is it that John brings forward these several things so constantly in his epistles also, saying in his own person, "What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled that have we written," (1 John 1:1) which is a quotation from the First Epistle of John. It is not clear whether the other epistle in question is 2 John or 3 John. Another indication that the author identified the Gospel writer John with two epistles bearing John's name is that when he specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to the above mentioned John." In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John. The author also includes the Book of Wisdom, "written by the friends of Solomon in his honor" [line 70] in the canon, and places the reference next to the epistles.
The fragment mentions two approved works of apocalyptic literature: the Apocalypse of John and the Apocalypse of Peter. The Apocalypse of John would go on to be better known as "Revelation" in the modern New Testament, while the Apocalypse of Peter would eventually fall out of favor in the 4th and 5th centuries. The author seems to think that the author of the Apocalypse of John (see debate on the authorship of Revelation) was a "predecessor" of Paul and wrote his epistles to the 7 churches first, although this dating does not match later scholarship, which believes Paul's epistles predate the Apocalypse. The author also remarks that "some of us will not allow [the Apocalypse of Peter] to be read in church".[15] This hesitation with the Apocalypse of Peter would manifest in later centuries with it not being included in later canons. As the manuscript legacy for the Apocalypse of Peter is more sparse than books that made it into the New Testament, it is difficult to know how closely the Apocalypse of Peter read by the author of the fragment matches the few surviving manuscripts of it.
Canon list
edit| Book | Muratorian Canon | Present canon[a] |
|---|---|---|
| Gospel of Matthew | Probably[b] | Yes |
| Gospel of Mark | Probably[b] | Yes |
| Gospel of Luke | Yes | Yes |
| Gospel of John | Yes | Yes |
| Acts of the Apostles | Yes | Yes |
| Romans | Yes | Yes |
| 1 Corinthians | Yes | Yes |
| 2 Corinthians | Yes | Yes |
| Galatians | Yes | Yes |
| Ephesians | Yes | Yes |
| Philippians | Yes | Yes |
| Colossians | Yes | Yes |
| 1 Thessalonians | Yes | Yes |
| 2 Thessalonians | Yes | Yes |
| 1 Timothy | Yes | Yes |
| 2 Timothy | Yes | Yes |
| Titus | Yes | Yes |
| Philemon | Yes | Yes |
| Hebrews | No | Yes[c] |
| James | No | Yes[c] |
| 1 Peter | No | Yes |
| 2 Peter | No | Yes |
| 1 John | Probably[d] | Yes |
| 2 John | Maybe[d] | Yes |
| 3 John | Maybe[d] | Yes |
| Jude | Yes | Yes[c] |
| Apocalypse of John | Yes | Yes[c] |
| Apocalypse of Peter | Yes[e] | No |
| Wisdom of Solomon | Yes | Varies by denomination[f] |
Rejected works
edit| Book | Muratorian Canon | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Shepherd of Hermas | Recommended | The author admires it and suggests it should be read, but does not consider it a work of scripture as it was "recently written," and the author considered only works from prophets or apostles to be worthy of canonicity. |
| Epistle to the Laodiceans | No | Called a forgery of Marcion of Sinope and his followers. A lost work. |
| Epistle to the Alexandrians | No | Called a forgery of Marcion of Sinope and his followers. A lost work. |
| Works of Arsinous, Valentinus, Miltiades, and Basilides |
No | Many of these were figures in Gnosticism, a major sect of Christianity in the second century. The manuscript becomes impossible to read afterward, providing no explanation for why they were condemned. |
Notes
edit- ^ The Assyrian Church of the East does not recognise the following books: 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Epistle of Jude, Apocalypse of John.[16] It also rejects certain verses of books as non-canonical: Matthew 27:35(b), Luke 22:17-18, John 7:53, 8:1-11, Acts 8:37, 15:34 and 28:29, and 1 John 5:7.
- ^ a b The beginning of the Muratorian Canon is lost; the fragment that has survived, starts by naming Luke the third gospel and John the fourth. Historians therefore assume that the first two gospels would have been Matthew and Mark, although this remains uncertain.
- ^ a b c d Martin Luther doubted the canonicity of Hebrews, James, Jude and the Apocalypse of John. He showed this by the way in which he ordered them. However, he did incorporate the books in his canon, and all Lutheran communities have done so since.
- ^ a b c The Muratorian fragment mentions two letters by John, but gives little clues as to which ones. Therefore, it is not known which of the three was excluded that would later be considered canonical. Bruce Metzger thought that the Muratorian fragment cites 1 John 1:1-3 when it says: "What marvel is it then, if John so consistently mentions these particular points also in his Epistles, saying about himself, 'What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears and our hands have handled, these things we have written to you?'".[17]
- ^ With some reservation however: "though some amongst us will not have [the Apocalypse of Peter] read in the Church."
- ^ The Wisdom of Solomon is accepted as a canonical part of the Old Testament by Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches and also by the Assyrian Church of the East. Most Protestants consider it apocryphal.
References
edit- ^ "From Letter 39 (Athanasius)". New Advent.
- ^ a b Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195141832.
- ^ Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevii (Milan 1740), vol. III, pp 809–80. Located within Dissertatio XLIII (cols. 807-80), entitled 'De Literarum Statu., neglectu, & cultura in Italia post Barbaros in eam invectos usque ad Anum Christii Millesimum Centesimum', at cols. 851-56.
- ^ Tregelles 1867, pp. 1–3
- ^ The Catholic Encyclopaedia ("Muratorian Canon")
- ^ a b c d Schnabel, Eckhard J. (2014). "The Muratorian Fragment: The State of Research" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (JETS). 57 (2): 231–264.
- ^ a b Ferguson, Everett (1982). "Canon Muratori: Date and Provenance". In Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (ed.). Studia Patristica, Volume 17, Part 3. pp. 677–683.
- ^ Metzger 1987, pp. 193–194
- ^ ""The Debate Over the Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon," Westminster Theological Journal 57:2 (Fall 1995)" (PDF). earlychurch.org.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ Hauser, Alan J.; Watson, Duane F. (2003). A History of Biblical Interpretation, Volume 1: The Ancient Period. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-8028-4273-2. ; see Hahneman, Geoffrey Mark. The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon. (Oxford: Clarendon) 1992 or Sundberg, Albert C., Jr. "Canon Muratori: A Fourth Century List" in Harvard Theological Review 66 (1973): 1–41.
- ^ Rothschild 2022, pp. 9–10, 168–169, 184–185, 188–189, 309–310
- ^ Jens Schröter, Von Jesus zum Neuen Testament. Studien zur urchristlichen Theologiegeschichte und zur Entstehung des neutestamentlichen Kanons. Tübingen 2007, p. 310, note 60.
- ^ Guignar, Christophe (2019). "The Muratorian Fragment as a Late Antique Fake? An Answer to C. K. Rothschild". Revue des Sciences Religieuses. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Kruger, Michael J. (2013). "Ten Basics Facts about the NT Canon that Every Christian Should Memorize: "At the End of the Second Century, the Muratorian Fragment lists 22 of pur 27 NT books"". canon fodder. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ Metzger 1987, p. 307
- ^ "Catechism of The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East" (PDF). pp. 23–24. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
- ^ Metzger 1987, p. 306
Bibliography
edit- Metzger, Bruce (1987). The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 191–201, 305–307. ISBN 0-19-826954-4.
- Rothschild, Clare K. (2022). The Muratorian Fragment: Text, Translation, Commentary. Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 132. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-161174-2.
- Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (1867). Canon Muratorianus: The Earliest Catalogue of the Books of the New Testament. London: Macmillan and Co.
Further reading
edit- Jonathan J. Armstrong, "Victorinus of Pettau as the Author of the Canon Muratori," Vigiliae Christianae, 62,1 (2008), pp 1–34.
- Bruce, F.F. The Canon of Scripture. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1988.
- Kruger, Michael J. Canon Revisited: Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books. Crossway, 2012
- Verheyden, J., "The Canon Muratori: A Matter of dispute," Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium (2003), The Biblical Canons, ed. by J.-M. Auwers & H. J. De Jonge, p. 487–556.
External links
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The full text of Canon Muratorianus at Wikisource, an 1885 translation of the Muratorian fragment- The facsimile of the Muratorian Canon
- "The development of the canon of the New Testament": The Muratorian Canon
- Henry Wace, A Dictionary of Christian biography: Muratorian fragment
- Earlychristianwritings.com: Original and amended Latin and English translation of the Muratorian fragment.
- Muratorian Fragment in the Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
- C. E. Hill, "The Debate Over the Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon," Westminster Theological Journal 57:2 (Fall 1995): 437–452(PDF)
- More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
