Municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from a number of sources that has nothing to do with a municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.'

Composition

The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality,^[1] and it changes significantly with time. In municipalities which have a well-developed waste recycling system, the waste stream mainly consists of intractable wastes such as plastic film and non-recyclable packaging materials. At the start of the 20th century, the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires.^[2] In developed areas without significant recycling activity it predominantly includes food wastes, market wastes, yard wastes, plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.^[3] Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge.^[4] Waste collection is performed by the municipality within a given area. The term residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for processing.^[5] Waste can be classified in several ways, but the following list represents a typical classification:

Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (most can be recycled, although some difficult to compost plant material may be excluded^[6])
Recyclable materials: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, tin cans, aluminum cans, aluminium foil, metals, certain plastics, textiles, clothing, tires, batteries, etc.
Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris
Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) – ⁣electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing machines, TVs, computers, screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc.
Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Pack food and drink cartons, waste plastics such as toys and plastic garden furniture
Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, tires, batteries, light bulbs, electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps, aerosol spray cans, and fertilizers
Toxic waste including pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides
Biomedical waste, expired pharmaceutical drugs, etc.

For example, typical municipal solid waste in China is composed of 55.9% food residue, 8.5% paper, 11.2% plastics, 3.2% textiles, 2.9% wood waste, 0.8% rubber, and 18.4% non-combustibles.^[7]

Components of solid waste management

Bins to collect paper, aluminium, glass, PET bottles and incinerable waste

The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling, composting, disposal, and waste-to-energy via incineration.^[8] There is no single approach that can be applied to the management of all waste streams, therefore the Environmental Protection Agency, a U.S. federal government agency, developed a hierarchy ranking strategy for municipal solid waste.^[9] The waste management hierarchy is made up of four levels ordered from most preferred to least preferred methods based on their environmental soundness: Source reduction and reuse; recycling or composting; energy recovery; treatment and disposal.^[10]

Collection

The functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site.

Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source

Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Separating different types of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source of collection.

Segregation and processing and transformation of solid wastes

The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include kerbside collection, drop-off, and buy-back centres. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and treatment plants.

Transfer and transport

This element involves two main steps. First, the waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site.

Disposal

Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of groundwater.

Reusing

In recent years, environmental organizations, such as Freegle or The Freecycle Network, have been gaining popularity for their online reuse networks. These networks provide a worldwide online registry of unwanted items that would otherwise be thrown away, for individuals and nonprofits to reuse or recycle. Therefore, this free Internet-based service reduces landfill pollution and promotes the gift economy.

Landfills

Segregation of Trash

Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area, usually a hole or sidehill. After the waste is dumped, it is then compacted by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then "sealed" with a plastic sheet and covered in several feet of dirt. This is the primary method of dumping in the United States because of the low cost and abundance of unused land in North America. Landfills are regulated in the US by the Environmental Protection Agency, which enforces standards provided in the Resource Conservation Recovery Act, such as requiring liners and groundwater monitoring.^[11] This is because landfills pose the threat of pollution and can contaminate groundwater. The signs of pollution are effectively masked by disposal companies, and it is often hard to see any evidence. Usually, landfills are surrounded by large walls or fences hiding the mounds of debris. Large amounts of chemical odor eliminating agent are sprayed in the air surrounding landfills to hide the evidence of the rotting waste inside the plant.^[12]

Energy generation

Municipal solid waste produces enormous amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.^[13]^[14] However, nearly 90% of these methane emissions could be avoided with existing technologies.^[14]^[13]

In particular, municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy because of the lipid content present within it. A lot of MSW products can be converted into clean energy if the lipid content can be accessed and utilized.^[15] Several technologies have been developed that make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture, combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma arc gasification.^[16]^[17]

While older waste incineration plants emitted a lot of pollutants, recent regulatory changes and new technologies have significantly reduced this concern. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations in 1995 and 2000 under the Clean Air Act have succeeded in reducing emissions of dioxins from waste-to-energy facilities by more than 99 percent below 1990 levels, while mercury emissions have been reduced by over 90 percent.^[18] The EPA noted these improvements in 2003, citing waste-to-energy as a power source "with less environmental impact than almost any other source of electricity".^[19]

References

^ Kumar, Sunil; Dhar, Hiya; Nair, Vijay V.; Bhattacharyya, J. K.; Vaidya, A. N.; Akolkar, A. B. (2016). "Characterization of municipal solid waste in high-altitude sub-tropical regions". Environmental Technology. 37 (20): 2627–2637. doi:10.1080/09593330.2016.1158322. PMID 26915419. S2CID 8140600.
^ Centenary history of waste and waste managers in London and south east England- Page 7 Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Non-hazardous Waste U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste
^ Municipal Solid Waste Archived 2010-11-20 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Energy Information Administration
^ Mechanical Biological Treatment Archived 2007-09-27 at archive.today Welsh Assembly (2005) Mechanical Biological Treatment, Environment Countryside and Planning Website, Welsh Assembly
^ "Organics -Green Bin". Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ Zhou, Hui; Meng, AiHong; Long, YanQiu; Li, QingHai; Zhang, YanGuo (August 2014). "An overview of characteristics of municipal solid waste fuel in China: Physical, chemical composition and heating value". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 36: 107–122. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.024.
^ Nonhazardous waste Archived 2010-11-20 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Energy Information Administration
^ "System Overview > Solid Waste - GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool". sftool.gov.
^ US EPA, OSWER (22 September 2015). "Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures". US EPA.
^ Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. "Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress." EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.
^ Rogers, Heather (2006). Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781595581204.
^ ^a ^b Webber, Michael; Glazer, Yael (17 November 2023). "Solid waste, a lever for decarbonization". Science. 382 (6672): 762.
^ ^a ^b Hoy, Zheng Xuan; Woon, Kok Sin; Chin, Wen Cheong; Fan, Yee Van; Yoo, Seung Jick (17 November 2023). "Curbing global solid waste emissions toward net-zero warming futures". Science. 382 (6672): 797.
^ Caircross, Richard (1 January 2018). "Longitudinal Study of Wastewater Greases and Their Potential for the Production of Biofuels". Energy and Fuels. 32 (2): 1831–1842. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03550. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "Environmental and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief" (PDF).
^ Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Guno, Charmaine Samala; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (2020-10-01). "Economic analysis of waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines: A real options approach". Applied Energy. 275: 115265. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265. ISSN 0306-2619.
^ US EPA, ORD (26 March 2015). "Research Grants". US EPA.
^ U.S. EPA Letter to Maria Zannes, President, Integrated Waste Services Association Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine