The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party (FLP) was a left-wing American political party in Minnesota between 1918 and 1944. The FLP largely dominated Minnesota politics during the Great Depression. It was one of the most successful statewide third party movements in United States history and the longest-lasting affiliate of the national Farmer–Labor movement. At its height in the 1920s and 1930s, FLP members included three Minnesota governors, four United States senators, eight United States representatives and a majority in the Minnesota legislature.
Farmer–Labor Party of Minnesota | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Founded | 1918 |
| Dissolved | 1944 |
| Merger of | Nonpartisan League Duluth Union Labor Party |
| Succeeded by | Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party |
| Ideology | Left-wing populism
Progressivism Democratic socialism Co-operative economics |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | None (1918–1919) Labor Party of the United States (1919–1920) Farmer–Labor Party of the United States (1920–1923) Federated Farmer–Labor Party (1923–1924) Farmer–Labor Party of the United States (1924–1936) None (1936–1944) |
In 1944, Hubert H. Humphrey and Elmer Benson worked to merge the party with the state's Democratic Party, forming the contemporary Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party.[1]
History
edit
The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party emerged from the Non-Partisan League (NPL), which had expanded from North Dakota into Minnesota in 1918,[2] and the Union Labor Party (ULP) of Duluth, Minnesota, which was founded in February 1918.[2] In 1919, the NPL reorganized as the Working People's Non-Partisan League (WPNPL). In February 1920, the ULP joined the WPNPL.
The FLP ran on a platform of farmer and labor union protection, government ownership of certain industries, and social security laws.[2]
In 1936, the FLP was informally allied with the New Deal coalition and supported the reelection of President Franklin Roosevelt.[3] Roosevelt was building a national coalition and wanted a solid base in Minnesota, where the Democrats were a weak third party.[4] Roosevelt had a deal with Governor Olson whereby the FLP would get federal patronage, and in turn the FLP would work to block a third-party ticket against Roosevelt in 1936.[5]
One of the primary obstacles of the party, besides constant vilification on the pages of local and state newspapers, was the difficulty of uniting the party's divergent base and maintaining political union between rural farmers and urban laborers who often had little in common other than the populist perception that they were an oppressed class of hardworking producers exploited by a small elite. A powerful pro-Communist element wanted fusion during World War II to ensure solidarity between the USSR and the USA, as partners against the Nazis.[6]
According to political scientist George Mayer:[7]
The farmer approached problems as a proprietor or petty capitalist. Relief to him meant a mitigation of conditions that interfered with successful farming. It involved such things as tax reduction, easier access to credit, and a floor under farm prices. His individualist psychology did not create scruples against government aid, but he welcomed it only as long as it improved agricultural conditions. When official paternalism took the form of public works or the dole, he openly opposed it because assistance on such terms forced him to abandon his chosen profession, to submerge his individuality in the labor crew, and to suffer the humiliation of the bread line. Besides, a public works program required increased revenue, and since the state relied heavily on the property tax, the cost of the program seemed likely to fall primarily on him.
At the opposite end of the seesaw sat the city worker, who sought relief from the hunger, exposure, and disease that followed the wake of unemployment. Dependent on an impersonal industrial machine, he had sloughed off the frontier tradition of individualism for the more serviceable doctrine of cooperation through trade unionism. Unlike the depressed farmer, the unemployed worker often had no property or economic stake to protect. He was largely immune to taxation and had nothing to lose by backing proposals to dilute property rights or redistribute the wealth. Driven by the primitive instinct to survive, the worker demanded financial relief measures from the state.
The New Deal farm programs made the American Farm Bureau Federation the main organization for farmers. It was hostile to the FLP, leaving the FLP without power regarding farm economics.[8]
The Minnesota Democratic Party, led by Hubert Humphrey, was able to absorb the Farmer–Labor Party on April 15, 1944, creating the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. Humphrey and his team expelled the Communist element from the new organization.[9]
Notable members
edit
Governors of Minnesota
edit- Floyd B. Olson (1931–1936)
- Hjalmar Petersen (1936–1937)
- Elmer Austin Benson (1937–1939)
Lieutenant Governors of Minnesota
edit- Henry M. Arens (1931–1933)
- Konrad K. Solberg (1933–1935)
- Hjalmar Petersen (1935–1936)
- Gottfrid Lindsten (1937–1939)
Attorneys General of Minnesota
edit- Harry H. Peterson (1933–1936)
- William S. Ervin (1936–1939)
Minnesota State Treasurers
edit- C. A. Halverson (1937–1939)
United States Senators
edit- Henrik Shipstead (1923–1941); later became a Republican
- Magnus Johnson (1923–1925)
- Elmer Austin Benson (1935–1937)
- Ernest Lundeen (1937–1940)
United States Representatives
edit- William Leighton Carss (1919–1921, 1925–1929)
- Ole J. Kvale (1923–1929)
- Knud Wefald (1923–1927)
- Paul John Kvale (1929–1939)
- Henry M. Arens (1933–1935)
- Magnus Johnson (1933–1935)
- Ernest Lundeen (1933–1937); had previously served as a Republican Representative (1915–1917), also served in the Senate
- Francis Shoemaker (1933–1935)
- Rich T. Buckler (1935–1943)
- John T. Bernard (1937–1939)
- Dewey Johnson (1937–1939)
- Henry Teigan (1937–1939)
- Harold Hagen (1943–1955); served as a Republican after 1945
Speakers of the Minnesota House of Representatives
edit- Charles Munn (1933–1935)
- Harold H. Barker (1937–1939)
Minnesota State Legislators
edit- Samuel H. Bellman (1935–1938)
- Willard F. Bennett (1933–1943)
- Myrtle Cain (1923–1924)
- John W. Cox (1935–1938)
- Andrew Olaf Devold (1915–1918, 1919–1926, 1931–1939)
Local Politicians
edit- William A. Anderson, Mayor of Minneapolis (1931–1933)
- Thomas E. Latimer, Mayor of Minneapolis (1935–1937)
- William Mahoney, Mayor of St. Paul (1932–1934)
Other members
edit- Nellie Stone Johnson, civil rights activist
- Thomas Van Lear, former mayor of Minneapolis
- Walter Liggett, journalist
- Willard Munger, future state legislator
- Susie Williamson Stageberg, called the "Mother of Farmer-Labor"
Electoral history
editFederal offices
edit| U.S. Senate | U.S. House of Representatives | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes | Election | Leader | Votes | Seats | Position | Control | |||
| 1918 | Did Not Contest | 1918 | Did Not Contest | 0 / 10
|
|
Republican | ||||||||
| 1920 | No Seat Up | 1920 | N/A | 62,332 | 8.34% | 0 / 10
|
|
Republican | ||||||
| 1922 | Henrik Shipstead | 325,372 | 47.10 / 100
|
Elected | 1922 | N/A | 35,551 | 5.58% | 1 / 10
|
 1
|
Republican | |||
| 1923 (S) | Magnus Johnson | 290,165 | 57.48 / 100
|
Elected | 1924 | N/A | 337,035 | 41.48% | 3 / 10
|
2
|
Republican | |||
| 1924 | Magnus Johnson | 380,646 | 45.50 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | ||||||||||
| 1926 | No Seat Up | 1926 | N/A | 230,758 | 35.03% | 2 / 10
|
 1
|
Republican | ||||||
| 1928 | Henrik Shipstead | 665,169 | 65.38 / 100
|
Re-elected | 1928 | N/A | 251,126 | 25.84% | 1 / 10
|
1
|
Republican | |||
| 1930 | Ernest Lundeen | 178,671 | 22.89 / 100
|
3rd of 5 | 1930 | N/A | 271,599 | 35.75% | 1 / 10
|
|
Republican | |||
| 1932 | No Seat Up | 1932 | N/A | 388,616 | 38.75% | 5 / 9
|
4
|
Farmer-Labor | ||||||
| 1934 | Henrik Shipstead | 503,379 | 49.87 / 100
|
Re-elected | 1934 | N/A | 376,927 | 37.86% | 3 / 9
|
2
|
Republican | |||
| 1936 (S) | Did Not Contest | 1936 | N/A | 462,714 | 42.40% | 5 / 9
|
2
|
Farmer-Labor | ||||||
| 1936 | Ernest Lundeen | 663,363 | 62.24 / 100
|
Elected | ||||||||||
| 1938 | No Seat Up | 1938 | N/A | 338,684 | 31.63% | 1 / 9
|
4
|
Republican | ||||||
| 1940 | Elmer Austin Benson | 310,875 | 25.70 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | 1940 | N/A | 298,250 | 24.74% | 1 / 9
|
|
Republican | |||
| 1942 | Elmer Austin Benson | 213,965 | 28.21 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1942 | N/A | 151,684 | 19.92% | 1 / 9
|
|
Republican | |||
Minnesota state offices
edit| Governor | Lieutenant Governor | Attorney General | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes | Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes | Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes |
| 1918 | David H. Evans | 111,948 | 30.28 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | 1918 | Did Not Contest | 1918 | Did Not Contest | |||||||||
| 1920 | Did Not Contest | 1920 | Did Not Contest | 1920 | Did Not Contest | ||||||||||||
| 1922 | Magnus Johnson | 295,479 | 43.13 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1922 | Arthur A. Siegler | 267,417 | 39.59 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1922 | Roy C. Smelker | 254,715 | 39.41 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1924 | Floyd B. Olson | 366,029 | 43.84 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | 1924 | Emil E. Holmes | 345,633 | 42.86 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1924 | Thomas V. Sullivan | 342,236 | 42.59 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1926 | Magnus Johnson | 266,845 | 38.09 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1926 | Emil E. Holmes | 236,307 | 35.62 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1926 | Frank McAllister | 214,781 | 33.32 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1928 | Ernest Lundeen | 227,193 | 22.72 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | 1928 | Thomas J. Meighen | 235,133 | 24.96 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1928 | C. F. Gaarenstroom | 192,472 | 20.87 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1930 | Floyd B. Olson | 473,154 | 59.34 / 100
|
Elected | 1930 | Henry M. Arens | 345,225 | 50.32 / 100
|
Elected | 1930 | Joseph B. Himsl | 256,581 | 36.57 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1932 | Floyd B. Olson | 522,438 | 50.57 / 100
|
Re-elected | 1932 | Konrad K. Solberg | 429,759 | 45.34 / 100
|
Elected | 1932 | Harry H. Peterson | 379,418 | 39.87 / 100
|
Elected | |||
| 1934 | Floyd B. Olson | 468,812 | 44.61 / 100
|
Re-elected | 1934 | Hjalmar Petersen | 428,897 | 43.64 / 100
|
Elected | 1934 | Harry H. Peterson | 436,140 | 44.89 / 100
|
Re-elected | |||
| 1936 | Elmer Austin Benson | 680,342 | 60.74 / 100
|
Elected | 1936 | Gottfrid Lindsten | 502,856 | 47.46 / 100
|
Elected | 1936 | Harry H. Peterson | 530,815 | 49.62 / 100
|
Re-elected | |||
| 1938 | Elmer Austin Benson | 387,263 | 34.18 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1938 | John J. Kinzer | 374,577 | 34.73 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1938 | William S. Ervin | 378,385 | 35.56 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1940 | Hjalmar Petersen | 459,609 | 36.55 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1940 | Howard Y. Williams | 305,418 | 26.11 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1940 | David J. Erickson | 284,337 | 24.35 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1942 | Hjalmar Petersen | 299,917 | 37.76 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | 1942 | Juls J. Anderson | 250,410 | 33.42 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1942 | David J. Erickson | 187,074 | 25.48 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| Secretary of State | Treasurer | Auditor | |||||||||||||||
| Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes | Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes | Year | Nominee | # votes | % votes | Place | Notes |
| 1918 | Did Not Contest | 1918 | Did Not Contest | 1918 | Did Not Contest | ||||||||||||
| 1920 | Lily J. Anderson | 193,658 | 26.37 / 100
|
2nd of 5 | 1920 | John P. Wagner | 191,429 | 26.19 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1920 | Seat Not Up | ||||||
| 1922 | Susie Williamson Stageberg | 247,757 | 37.37 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1922 | Frank H. Keyes | 294,102 | 46.39 / 100
|
2nd of 2 | 1922 | Eliza Evans Deming | 253,913 | 39.60 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1924 | Susie Williamson Stageberg | 288,946 | 35.75 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1924 | Carl M. "C. M." Berg | 322,585 | 40.67 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1924 | Seat Not Up | ||||||
| 1926 | Charles Olson | 217,424 | 32.60 / 100
|
2nd of 2 | 1926 | Thomas J. Meighen | 244,861 | 38.89 / 100
|
2nd of 2 | 1926 | S. O. Tjosvold | 218,074 | 34.52 / 100
|
2nd of 2 | |||
| 1928 | Susie Williamson Stageberg | 178,096 | 18.41 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1928 | Peter J. Seberger | 205,228 | 21.95 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1928 | Seat Not Up | ||||||
| 1930 | Anna Olson Determan | 209,596 | 27.36 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1930 | Frederick B. Miller | 271,286 | 37.41 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1930 | Henry Teigan | 260,272 | 35.96 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1932 | John T. Lyons | 342,496 | 34.79 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1932 | Albert H. Kleffman | 360,498 | 37.72 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1932 | Seat Not Up | ||||||
| 1934 | Konrad K. Solberg | 359,322 | 35.46 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1934 | Albert H. Kleffman | 377,472 | 38.78 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1934 | John T. Lyons | 379,654 | 38.69 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1936 | Paul C. Hartig | 426,668 | 39.16 / 100
|
2nd of 4 | 1936 | C. A. Halverson | 468,713 | 43.79 / 100
|
Elected | 1936 | Seat Not Up | ||||||
| 1938 | Paul A. Rasmussen | 328,474 | 29.81 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1938 | C. A. Halverson | 378,160 | 35.27 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1938 | John T. Lyons | 364,636 | 33.98 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | |||
| 1940 | James I. Heller | 230,148 | 19.07 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1940 | C. A. Halverson | 296,477 | 25.25 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1940 | Seat Not Up | ||||||
| 1942 | Daniel D. Collins | 146,825 | 19.07 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1942 | Charles J. Johnson | 183,458 | 24.78 / 100
|
2nd of 3 | 1942 | Did Not Contest | ||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Farmer Labor Party". Spartacus. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ a b c Hudelson, Richard; Ross, Carl (2006). By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 143–150. ISBN 0-8166-4636-8.
- ^ William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (1963) p. 190.
- ^ James S. Olson, ed. Historical Dictionary of the New Deal (1985) pp 164-165.
- ^ Clifford Edward Clark, ed. Minnesota in a Century of Change: The State and its People since 1900 (1989). pp 375–379.
- ^ Arnold A. Offner, Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country (Yale University Press, 2018) pp. 25, 40–43.
- ^ George H. Mayer, The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson, (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987) 86-87.
- ^ Richard M Valelly, Radicalism in the states : the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American political economy (1989) p. 15.
- ^ Hubert H. Humphrey, The Education of a Public Man. My Life and Politics (1976) pp 84-85.
Further reading
edit- Benson, Elmer A. "Politics in My Lifetime." Minnesota History 47 (1980): 154-60. online
- Delton, Jennifer. Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party (2002) focus on how Humphrey used race issue to take over FLP..
- Garlid, George W. "The Antiwar Dilemma of the Farmer-Labor Party." Minnesota History (1967): 365-374. in JSTOR
- Gieske, Millard L. Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: The Third-Party Alternative (1979) 389pp
- Haynes, John Earl. Dubious alliance: the making of Minnesota's DFL Party (U of Minnesota Press, 1984)
- Haynes, John Earl. "Farm Coops and the Election of Hubert Humphrey to the Senate." Agricultural History (1983): 201-211. in JSTOR
- Haynes, John Earl. "The new history of the communist party in state politics: The implications for mainstream political history." Labor History (1986) 27#4 pp: 549-563.
- Hyman, Colette A. "Culture as Strategy: Popular Front Politics and the Minneapolis Theatre Union, 1935-39." Minnesota History (1991): 294-306. in JSTOR
- Lovin, Hugh T. "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 1936-1938." Pacific Northwest Quarterly (1971): 16-26. in JSTOR
- McCoy, Donald R. Angry voices: Left-of-center politics in the New Deal era (1958; reprint 2012)
- Mayer, George H. The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson (1987)
- Mitau, G. Theodore. "The Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Schism of 1948." Minnesota History (1955): 187-194. in JSTOR
- Naftalin, Arthur. "The Tradition of Protest and the Roots of the Farmer-Labor Party." Minnesota History 35.2 (1956): 53-63. online
- Rude, Leslie G. "The rhetoric of farmer‐labor agitators." Communication Studies 20.4 (1969): 280-285.
- Sofchalk, Donald G. "Union and Ethnic Group Influence in the 1938 Election on the Minnesota Iron Ranges." Journal of the West (2003) 42#3 pp: 66-74.
- Valelly, Richard M. Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American Political Economy (University of Chicago Press, 1989)
External links
edit- Article on the Minnesota Farmer–Labor party from The Progressive Populist
- Minnesota Farmer–Labor
- Farmer–Labor information page
- The Farmer Labor Party 1918–1924 Organizational history of attempts to form a national Farmer–Labor Party. Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved May 26, 2006.
- TOWARD THE COOPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH: AN INTRODUCTORY HISTORY OF THE FARMER–LABOR MOVEMENT IN MINNESOTA (1917–1948). 232 page online copy of Thomas Gerald O'Connell's 1979 Phd thesis from The Union Institute.
- Luoma, Everett E.: The Farmer Takes A Holiday. Exposition Press, 1967.