Mina Witkojc (German: Wilhelmine Wittka; 28 May 1893, Burg (Spreewald) – 11 November 1975) was an important Sorbian journalist, ethnic advocate, and poet.[1] She wrote in and advocated for the Lower Sorbian language. Because of her support for democracy, she was persecuted by the Nazi regime and forced into exile. She returned to the town of Burg after the end of the Second World War to continue her cultural work.
Life
editYouth and Life in Berlin
editMina Witkojc was born in 1893 to Sorbian maid Marjana Witkojc (German: Marianne Wittka) and innkeeper Fritz Pohlenz, in Burg im Spreewald. [2] The mother left Mina and her sister after 2 years, because their father had married another woman. She moved to Berlin to work as a 'Plätter'. Because of this, the two sisters grew up with their grandmother in their father's Inn. She attended the public school in Burg.
In 1907 (age 13 or 14), Mina moved to Berlin and began working as a children's maid and a flower arranger to make ends meet. The same year, she wrote her first poems in German. In 1914 she started working in the armaments industry.
In 1917, Mina returned to Burg and worked as an agricultural day labourer.
Return to Sorbian culture
editIn August 1921, she happened to meet a group of Czech and Upper Sorbian intellectuals with Arnošt Muka who were traveling in the Spreewald. This encounter led to her becoming aware of her Wendish/Lower Sorbian origins again. Up until this point, she had mainly spoken and written in German.
She went to Bautzen, where she worked on the Lower Sorbian newspaper Serbski Casnik from 1923 onwards. During her time, its circulation rose from 200 to 1200 copies. During these years, she had many contacts with Upper Sorbian intellectuals, such as Arnošt Muka and Jan Cyž, from whom she received many suggestions. Mina Witkojc translated texts by authors of other Slavic languages into Lower Sorbian, such as the writers Božena Němcová and Petr Bezruč from Czech, Alexander Pushkin from Russian, and Handrij Zejler and Jakub Bart-Ćišinski from Upper Sorbian.
In 1926, Mina Witkojc took part in the International Congress of National Minorities in Geneva as a delegate. In 1930, she traveled to Yugoslavia for an all-Slav Sokol meeting.
In 1931, Mina Witkojc was pushed out of the management of the Serbski Casnik because of her democratic views, and in 1933 the new National Socialist government banned her from writing.
In 1936, she returned to her old home in Burg, where she again earned her living again as a day laborer in agriculture. In 1937, Sorbian publications were banned in Germany. Because she continued to express her self-confidence and fearlessness in her texts and poems and also maintained contacts with intellectuals of other Slavic nationalities, Mina Witkojc was first banned from the Dresden administrative district in 1941, and then from the Frankfurt/Oder administrative district in 1942. This forced her to leave Lausitz.
Exile
editShe initially moved to Erfurt, where she worked as an employee in a gardening business, among other things. During this time she maintained close contact with the Lower Sorbian priest Bogumił Šwjela, who had also been expelled from the Sorbian homeland, and the Sorbian painter Fryco Latk. In her extensive poem "Erfurtske spomnjeśa" ("Erfurt memories") she describes her experiences during this time.
In 1946 she returned to Bautzen, where she helped rebuild the Sorbian umbrella organization Domowina. In Niederlausitz all Sorbian activities were still suppressed by the SED district leadership in Cottbus at this time. For example, Witkojc was briefly arrested for alleged pro-Czechoslovak agitation while putting up Sorbian-language posters for the local elections.
In 1947 she went into the Wendish diaspora in the area around Varnsdorf, then later to Prague.
Last years in Burg
editIn 1954, Mina Witkojc returned from Prague and settled back into her hometown of Burg. She gained prominence as the co-author of an anthology and through publication of individual poems and articles in the Lower Sorbian newspaper Nowy Casnik. In 1955, a volume of poems entitled "K swětłu a słyńcu" ("To the light, to the sun") was published, which partly consists of reworked poems from the 1920s and 1930s in which she renounces the idea of Slavic unity. For example, the title of her first poem from 1921 was "Memories of the first meeting with Czech and Upper Sorbian brothers", but the 1955 version only mentions "Upper Sorbian brothers".
She spent her last months in a nursing home in Papitz, where she died in 1975.
Honors
editWorks
edit- Dolnoserbske basni, Budyšin 1925
- Wĕnašk błośańskich kwĕtkow, Budyšin 1934
- K swĕtłu a słyńcu, Berlin 1955
- Prĕdne kłoski, Berlin 1958
- Po drogach casnikarki, Budyšin 1987
Film
editFurther reading
edit- Witkojc, Mina (2001). Piniek, Christiane (ed.). Echo aus dem Spreewald: Gedichte (in German). Translated by Nagel, Elke (1st ed.). Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag. ISBN 3-7420-1857-4.
- Thiemann, Manfred (1989). Sorben: ein kleines Lexikon (in German). Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag. ISBN 3-7420-0405-0.
- Malinkowa, Trudla (2022). Sorbische Denkmale: Handbuch sorbischer Gedenk- und Erinnerungsstätten (in German) (1st ed.). Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag. pp. 204–208, 256 et seq. ISBN 978-3-7420-2647-7.
External links
edit- Mina Witkojc, literaturport.de
- Literature by and about Mina Witkojc in the German National Library catalogue
- Mina Witkojc im Sorbischen Kulturarchiv
References
edit- ^ Stone, Gerald (2015). Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs. History: Bloomsbury Academic Collections. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-4154-0.
- ^ "Die Pohlenzschänke – Peter Becker's Spreewaldblog" (in German). Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ "Grund- und Oberschule Burg (Spreewald) - Schulchronik". Schule Burg (Spreewald) (in German). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ "Liedermacher Bernd Pittkunigs bekommt Preis für sorbische Sprache". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). 9 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ "Und auf steht die Wahrheit (in der Filmdatenbank der DEFA-Stiftung)". DEFA-Stiftung. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
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