Midras uncleanness (Hebrew: טומאת מדרס) is one of the forms of ritual impurity in Judaism which can be transmitted by either an object or person. The term may be translated as pressure uncleanness.[1]
A midras (lit. "trampled on" object) is an object that can be a carrier of ritual impurity. Common objects that could potentially become unclean, and become a such midras object, include a chair, sofa, mattress, and rug. A person who becomes unclean is categorized as a "father of uncleanliness".
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Hebrew Bible
editThe general concept of a midras, an object becoming a carrier for uncleanliness, is brought in the book of Leviticus, though the following verse does not employ the Hebrew term midras;
Anyone who touches his bed must wash their clothes and bathe with water, and they will be unclean till evening.
— Leviticus 15:5, NIV
Becoming unclean
editAccording to Maimonides on Zavim 4:4, the midras object becomes unclean by a person who is a "father of uncleanliness" (such as a man with a seminal emission or a woman in the middle of menstruation) putting most of their body weight in one (or more) of five ways on the midras;
- sitting on the midras like a chair
- lying on the midras like a rug
- leaning on the midras
- standing on the midras like a mat
- hanging from the midras
Transmitting uncleanliness
editOnce the midras becomes unclean, it transmits uncleanliness to clean persons or objects by one of seven ways;
- by touching the midras
- by carrying the midras
- by sitting on the midras
- by lying on the midras
- by leaning on the midras
- by standing on the midras
- by hanging from the midras
The person or object who becomes unclean via the midras is categorized as a Rishon L'Tumah.
Purification
editThe purification of the midras object is accomplished by immersing the object in a mikveh bath (before sunset), and the subsequent elapse of sunset.
Disqualified objects
editObjects that are not subject to becoming unclean as midras include;
- Unformed plates of terracotta,
- Any object or vessel of stone,
- Fabric or vessels made from fish (or any sea-life)
- Objects or vessels affixed to the ground
References
edit- ^ Jacob Neusner (2005). Is Scripture the origin of the Halakhah?. p. 141.
The pertinent classification of uncleanness called Midras- or pressure-uncleanness pertains only to objects that ordinarily are used to bear weight or pressure, that is, beds and chairs and things analogous to them