Mickey's Mellerdrammer is a 1933 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. The title is a corruption of "melodrama", thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows, as a film short based on Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin and stars Mickey Mouse and his friends who stage their own production of the novel. It was the 54th Mickey Mouse short film, and the fourth of that year.[2]
| Mickey's Mellerdrammer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Directed by | Wilfred Jackson |
| Written by | Wilfred Jackson Walt Disney |
| Produced by | Walt Disney |
| Starring | Pinto Colvig Walt Disney Marcellite Garner Billy Bletcher |
| Cinematography | Wilfred Jackson Walt Disney |
| Edited by | Wilfred Jackson Walt Disney |
| Music by | Oliver Wallace |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date |
|
Running time | 8 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
The cartoon shows Mickey Mouse and some other characters dressed in blackface with exaggerated lips, bushy sidewhiskers made out of cotton, and the usual white gloves.
Plot
edit
Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Goofy (known then as Dippy Dawg), Horace Horsecollar, and others present their own low budget lighthearted rendition of the 19th-century Tom shows for a crowd in a barn converted into a theater for the occasion.
Horace Horsecollar plays the white slave owner Simon Legree. Minnie plays the young white girl, Eva. Mickey plays old Uncle Tom with cotton around his ears and chin, and the young slave girl Topsy. Clarabelle Cow plays the slave woman Eliza. Goofy plays the production stage hand.
The cartoon opens with Mickey and Clarabelle Cow in their dressing rooms applying blackface makeup for their roles (Mickey originally used a small dynamite to black up his face). The cartoon is much more focused on the Disney characters' efforts to put on the play, than an animated version of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The cartoon contains many images of Mickey and the other characters using makeshift props as sight gags.
The cartoon closes with the characters coming out for a bow, and Horace Horsecollar is pelted with rotten tomatoes. When Goofy shows his face from behind the stage, he is hit with a chocolate pie, leaving him in what appears to be blackface, as Goofy laughs.
Racial stereotyping
editStereotyped characterizations of black people were then common (with Mickey's design itself apparently evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows, down to the gloves).[3] One of many films and cartoons of its era that referenced Uncle Tom's Cabin, Mickey's Mellerdrammer features Mickey and others in explicit blackface.[4] Henry Louis Gates Jr. wondered how the cartoon evaded censorship of miscegenation, given that Mickey and Minnie portray Tom and Eva, and are "as they say, an item, and unmistakably so". Additionally, Mickey is seen cross-dressing in the role of Topsy.[5]
In the beginning of this short, Clarabelle Cow appears in her dressing room applying lantern soot to her face and leaving an exaggerated area around her lips white. Mickey Mouse then takes a more "comical" approach to applying the makeup: he puts a firecracker in his mouth and lights it, which explodes, causing the ashes to paint his face black while leaving a large area around his lips white.[6]
Reception
editMotion Picture Herald reviewed the cartoon on July 1, 1933: "This time Mickey, the inimitable, stages an "Uncle Tom meller", with assorted animated mishaps in the accepted, and approved, Mickey fashion, while the antics of the animated audience contribute not a few of the laughs. It is good cartoon material, and the youngsters, old and young, should enjoy it."[7]
Voice cast
edit- Mickey Mouse: Walt Disney
- Minnie Mouse: Marcellite Garner
- Horace Horsecollar: Billy Bletcher
- Clarabelle Cow: Elvia Allman
- Goofy: Pinto Colvig
Home media
editThe short was released on December 7, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Black and White, Volume Two: 1929-1935.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-5284-4.
- ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Caswell, Estelle (February 2, 2017). "Why cartoon characters wear gloves". Vox. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
- Holt, Patricia (May 21, 1996). "The Minstrel Show Never Faded Away". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- Davis, James C. (January 1, 2007). Commerce in Color: Race, Consumer Culture, and American Literature, 1893–1933. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472069873 – via Google Books.
- Sammond, Nicholas (August 17, 2015). Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822375784 – via Google Books.
Mickey Mouse isn't like a minstrel; he is a minstrel.
- ^ Reynolds, David S. Mightier than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America, 243. W. W. Norton & Company
- ^ Reynolds, 244
- ^ VolterraChannel (August 17, 2010). "Mickey Mouse - Mickey's Mellerdrammer - 1933". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ Sampson, Henry T. (1998). That's Enough, Folks: Black Images in Animated Cartoons, 1900-1960. Scarecrow Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0810832503.
- ^ "Mickey Mouse in Black & White Volume 2 DVD Review". DVD Dizzy. Retrieved February 19, 2021.