Arthur Stuart Michael Cummings OBE (born Leeds, Yorkshire, 1 June 1919, died London, 9 October 1997) was a British newspaper cartoonist.[1][2] He was known as Michael Cummings and signed his work simply Cummings.
Michael Cummings | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1 June 1919 |
| Died | 9 October 1997 (aged 78) |
Early life
editCummings's mother was an artist, while his father, A. J. Cummings, was political editor of the Liberal News Chronicle daily newspaper of London. He was educated at The Hall, Hampstead, London, Gresham's School, in Norfolk, then at the Chelsea School of Art, London.[1]
During the Second World War, he worked for the Air Ministry and became a major contributor to the training journal Aircraft Recognition.[3]
Work
editCummings was initially a supporter of the Labour Party and contributed illustrations for the pro-Labour magazine Tribune.[1] He later joined the Daily Express; he would subsequently draw most of his work for that newspaper and The Sunday Express.[2] His move to these publications also coincided with Cummings's moving to the political right.[2] In a discussion of Cummings's political views, Robert Allen and John Frost described him as a Conservative. They added that Cummings "obviously reveres Mrs Thatcher, intensely dislikes Tony Benn (and takes credit for being the first cartoonist to note his wild stare), has no time at all for Ted Heath, and so on".[2] Cummings saw himself as "a rude little boy speaking out at the awkward moment", but to many of his critics he was a reactionary. Common targets of Cumming's pen were the Labour Party, left-leaning town councils, trade unions, student activists, and immigration. Cummings was also opposed to communism, and his cartoons frequently satirized both the Soviet Union and Maoist China.[4]
Controversy
editIn 1965, Cummings drew a cartoon depicting Lyndon B. Johnson being entangled in a thorn tree with the head of a black man, while a British politician wearing blinkers watered a plant with the head of a black child. The tree carried three labels on its branches marked "Little Rock", "Malcolm X" and "Harlem Riots". The cartoon was an expression of Cummings's opposition to allowing black people to immigrate to Britain, believing such immigration would cause US-style race riots.[5][6] This cartoon drew complaints from a group of Oxford students. They made an unsuccessful complaint to the British Press Council, stating that the cartoon distorted "historical, political and social realities to express a view which is not merely the lowest taste, but is a direct and calculated insult to coloured peoples both in Britain and America".[5][6]
During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, Cummings repeatedly caricatured Irish people as diminutive, stupid, and murderous.[7][8] In October 1971, Cummings drew a cartoon titled "Father O'Brezhnev, Missionary to Ulster", which depicted Leonid Brezhnev as a Roman Catholic Priest who was supplying weapons to the IRA.[4] On 17 October 1971, National Union of Journalists members on the Scottish Daily Express objected strongly to Cummings's cartoon. The NUJ members described it as anti-Catholic, and expressed fears it would worsen sectarianism in Glasgow.[9] The NUJ members stopped the presses in protest, and over 350,000 copies of the Daily Express were lost.[4][9] The International Press Institute later criticized the NUJ's action, stating that their refusal to print the Cummings cartoon was "a serious threat to freedom of expression, all the more deplorable because the threat comes from journalists."[4] On 29 May 1982, The Irish Times published an interview with Cummings, during which the reporter took issue with his depiction of the Irish. Cummings responded that he had a "cartoonist's licence" to depict the Irish as "extremely violent, bloody-minded, always fighting, drinking enormous amounts, getting roaring drunk". Cummings also added that the Provisional IRA's violent acts did tend to "make them look rather like apes, though that's rather hard luck on the apes".[8][7] This caused several writers to accuse Cummings of promoting anti-Irish prejudices.[7][10]
Reception
editCummings's work was praised by Gerald Nabarro. In his autobiography, NAB 1: Portrait of a Politician, Nabarro described Cummings as a "great artist" who "adds vivacity and insight to every political situation he depicts."[11] Amongst his fellow cartoonists, "Vicky" in particular hated Cummings, claiming – according to the journalist James Cameron – that "he was the only man entitled to draw with a Post Office nib": "He also despised his political attitudes and said he was a time-server."[12]
Honours
edit- 1983 – Officer of the Order of the British Empire
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Gifford, Dennis, "Obituary: Michael Cummings", The Independent. 11 October 1997. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d Allen, Robert, and Frost, John, Voice of Britain : the inside story of the Daily Express.Cambridge : Stephens, 1983. ISBN 9780850595697 (p. 160-161)
- ^ Hamilton, Tim (2004). Identification Friend or Foe. HMSO. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-11-290496-3.
- ^ a b c d "Life and Letters Today", Encounter magazine, May 1972, (p. 97)
- ^ a b "Newspaper Picture Brings Censure," London Times, 26 May 1965, 8, col. 6.
- ^ a b Tuck, Stephen, The night Malcolm X spoke at the Oxford Union : A Transatlantic Story of Antiracist Protest. Oakland, California : University of California Press, 2014, ISBN 9780520279339 (p.106)
- ^ a b c Douglas, Roy, Harte, Liam, O'Hara, Jim, Drawing conclusions : a cartoon history of Anglo-Irish relations, 1798-1998 Belfast : Blackstaff, 1998. ISBN 9780856406249 (p. 279)
- ^ a b Hurley, Michael J., Blood on the shamrock : an American ponders Northern Ireland, 1968-1990. New York : Peter Lang, 1991 ISBN 9780820412627 (p. 264).
- ^ a b Gallaghter, Tom Glasgow's Uneasy Peace: Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819-1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987. ISBN 9780719023965 (p. 295)
- ^ "Cummings, in the Daily and Sunday Express and Jak, of the Evening Standard, in particular, specialized in drawing cartoons of midget Irishmen snarling, fighting, generally behaving in a ridiculous fashion." Kirkadly, John, "English Cartoonists, Ulster Realities", in Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day (eds.) Ireland's terrorist dilemma. Dordrecht ; Boston ; Lancaster : M. Nijhoff, 1986. ISBN 9780898389128 (p.115)
- ^ Mumford, Alan, Tory Blues : a cartoon history of the Conservative Party London, England : Political Cartoon Society, 2008. ISBN 9780954900892 (p.26)
- ^ Arthur Stuart Michael Cummings, cartoons.ac.uk, accessed 17 February 2021
References
edit- Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
- Cummings at the Oxford DNB(subscription required)