Michael Berolzheimer (born January 22, 1866, in Fürth; died June 5, 1942, in Mount Vernon, New York) was a German entrepreneur, lawyer and art collector.[1]
Life
editMichael Berolzheimer was a son of the Fürth pencil manufacturer Heinrich Berolzheimer.[2] After studying law, he worked as a lawyer for clients such as the Pinakothek in Munich and the German Orient Society. In 1902, he married Melitta Schweisheimer (* 1867), née Dispecker,[3] and in 1904 moved with her and their two children to Untergrainau near Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
An art collector, Berolzheimer became an expert in graphic art. In 1895, he bought the Boguslaw Jolles collection at auction from Hugo Helbing. He joined the Munich Museum Society, founded in 1905, and was elected its treasurer. As a member of the acquisition committee of the Alte Pinakothek and the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, he helped shape the development of their collections. He raised funds for the acquisitions of these museums and himself established a foundation for the benefit of the Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen.
Berolzheimer collected prints and eventually owned about 600 pieces of graphic art as well as about 800 hand drawings by Dutch, Italian Baroque painters and from the German Romantic period, including an oil sketch of the Poor Poet by Carl Spitzweg.[4]
Nazi persecution
editAfter the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Berolzheimer was persecuted as a Jew. In 1938, he fled to the USA via Switzerland in 1938. He was obliged to abandon the collection of hand drawings, which had been declared a national cultural asset by Ernst Wengenmayr, an associate of the Munich art dealer Adolf Weinmüller,[5] who specialized in Aryanization.[6][7] Berolzheimer's stepson Robert Schweisheimer was forced to contract with Weinmüller who auctioned paintings and sculptures in 1938; the auction of the graphic art followed in March 1939. Berolzheimer received nothing from the proceeds of the auctions.[8] After the Nazi attacks on Jews on Kristallnacht in November 1938, a special Jewish property levy of 80,000 RM was imposed on the Berolzheimer family. Berolzheimer's real estate in Grainau was also aryanized, that is, transferred to a non-Jewish owner.[9]
Claims for restitution
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After the end of the war, Berolzheimer's heirs sought the return of the looted art objects, which began in 1950 with the transfer of a dozen prints, including sheets by Bonaventura Genelli, from the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, followed by returns from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg and the Kurpfälzisches Museum in Heidelberg, but the initiatives petered out with the refusal of the Albertina in Vienna.[10]
After the Washington Declaration on Looted Art in 1998, the family renewed its efforts. After the legal succession among the heirs was finally clarified in 2009, the Albertina returned 29 drawings in 2010 that it had purchased at auction in 1939.[10] The Kupferstichkabinett Berlin returned 28 drawings.[11][12]
In 2013, a 1834 pen-and-ink portrait of a geographer by Reinier Craeyvanger was restituted by a Dutch antiquarian bookseller who had purchased it at a Sotheby's auction in 2005. The Kunsthalle Bremen in Germany returned a drawing it acquired in 1941 attributed to the 17th century Italian artist Giacomo Cavedone.[13]
In 2016 the Metropolitan Museum of Art reached a settlement with the Berolzheimer heirs for anamorphic drawing of a stag which had been gifted to the museum by Janos Scholz.[14]
Writings
edit- Oscar und Cäcilie Graf, Maler-Radierer : Katalog ihres radierten, lithographierten und monotypierten Werkes. München: Helbing, 1903
Literature
edit- Michael G. Berolzheimer (Hrsg.): Michael Berolzheimer: 1866 - 1942; his life and legacy. M. G. Berolzheimer, Stockton, Calif. 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-047128-5
- Ira Mazzoni: Vertrieben. Stück für Stück wird die Sammlung des Mäzens wieder rekonstruiert. Rezension. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 14. Februar 2015, S. 23.
- Galerie Arnoldi-Livie: 29 drawings from the Michael Berolzheimer Collection restituted by the Albertina. Galerie Arnoldi-Livie, Wien 2010.
- Galerie Arnoldi-Livie: Michael Berolzheimer Collection II: 24 drawings restituted by the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin. München 2012.
Links
edit- Literature by and about Michael Berolzheimer in the German National Library catalogue
- Berolzheimer, Dr. Michael, im Verzeichnis Jüdische Sammler und Kunsthändler (Opfer nationalsozialistischer Verfolgung und Enteignung), bei Lost Art
References
edit- ^ "Michael Berolzheimer". geni_family_tree. 22 January 1866. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ "Philip Berolzheimer Residence - New York City". www.nycago.org. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ "Melitta Berolzheimer". geni_family_tree. 21 October 1867. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ "Collection: Michael Berolzheimer Collection | The Center for Jewish History ArchivesSpace". archives.cjh.org. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ "Wengenmayr, Ernst | Proveana". www.proveana.de. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Newly found files incriminate Nazi art giant | DW | 04.06.2014". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ Sullivan & Worcester LLP - Nicholas O'Donnell (2014-05-28). "The next Gurlitt? Records from Weinmüller auction house made available online". Lexology. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ "Michael BEROLZHEIMER - MAK Museum Vienna". mak.at. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
Dr. Michael Berolzheimer was persecuted as a Jew in the National Socialist German Reich and consequently fled to the USA in 1938 leaving his property behind. His collection of drawings was compulsorily placed at the art auction house Adolf Weinmüller in Munich and auctioned on 9 and 10 March 1939.
- ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen und seine jüdischen Bürger - 1933-1945 Melitta und Dr. Michael Berolzheimer". gapgeschichte.de. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ a b "29 drawings from the Michael Berolzheimer collection restituted by the Albertina, Vienna 2010. Catalogue 27.: (2011) | Antiquariat Dieter Eckert". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ "PESCHEL, CARL GOTTLIEB. Der Auszug Lots. Bleistift und schwa". www.kollerauktionen.ch. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ Galerie Arnoldi-Livie, ed. (2012). Michael Berolzheimer Collection II : 24 drawings restituted by the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin / Arnoldi-Livie. München: Arnoldi-Livie.
- ^ "Nazi-looted art returning to heirs of NY collector". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
- ^ "Settlement with Berolzheimer Heirs for Anamorphic Drawing of a Stag" (PDF). metmuseum.org.