Mary Louveste was an African-American Union spy in Norfolk, Virginia, during the United States Civil War. She delivered details of plans for the conversion of the wrecked USS Merrimack to an ironclad that would be named the CSS Virginia and which represented a great advance in Confederate naval capabilities.[1]
Personal life
editMary Louveste (nee Ogilvie) was born about 1812 in Norfolk City (nee Norfolk Borough) to Lewis and Sukey Ogilvie. Lewis was a free mulatto from French San Domingo and Sukey was a free African American woman from York County, Virginia. It is unknown if Sukey was black or biracial.[2]
Mary grew up in Norfolk Borough and was most likely raised in the Catholic faith. On 24 September 1834, Mary went before Norfolk City’s Hustings and Corporation Court to register as a free mulatto adult for the first time. Her mother, Sukey, first registered Mary with the City on 29 October 1828 as a free mulatto and claimed her as her daughter.[3]
Mary starting in 1838 started securing an annual business license with the City to either run a private entertainment establishment (like a restaurant or bar) or a boarding house. In April 1839, she purchased a 10-year-old enslaved mulatto boy, Mark Rene DeMortie (De Mortie), from the estate of Dr. Robert B. Stark. Mark has roots in San Domingo like Mary and is a member of the DeMortier family who settled in Norfolk from San Domingo. The reason(s) for Mary to purchase is unknown; however, she freed him on 25 March 1850 a few weeks before his 21st birthday.[4]
Mary met and later married Michael Louveste on 1 June 1844 at Saint Patrick’s Catholic Church in Norfolk, VA. It appears their marriage was not recognized by civil authorities because the officials kept referring to Mary by her maiden name in the records until 1860.[5]
Michael Louveste was a French free mulatto from the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. He arrived in Norfolk about 1837. Their union produced at least three children: two daughters, Susan and Ophelia, and one son, Robert. Unfortunately, they lost both Robert and Ophelia during the yellow fever epidemic on 1 September 1855. Susan made it to adulthood and married Robert Francis, who was a mulatto and a butcher, on 7 October 1869 at her parents' house on Nivison Street in Norfolk, Virginia. They had one son, Robert before losing both another child and Susan at childbirth on 4 April 1873. Robert Francis senior died a few years later and Robert junior went to live with the Louvestes.[6]
After Michael and Mary married in 1844, Mary continued to secure the business licenses (typically ordinary licenses) until 1847 when Michael became one securing the licenses. Mary probably continued to operate the boarding houses when her husband started working at Gosport Shipyard in the early 1850s. On 22 February 1854, Michael and Mary were able to secure a lease from Jonathan Dodd to use the building at Nivison Street (later listed as 8 Nivison Street). They used the building as their boarding house.[7]
Michael Louveste was working at the shipyard at the outbreak of the Civil War and Confederate forces seized the yard. In later documentation, Michael was a tool keeper in the steam engineering department at the yard. William H. Lyons, a known Union sympathizer and spy, also worked in the steam engineering department during the conversion of the screw frigate USS Merrimack into the steam ironclad CSS Virginia. It is highly probable that Lyons and the Louvestes worked together to send updates and plans to the Union. Mary in February 1862 was smuggled across to the Union lines and personally met Union Secretary of the Navy Gideon Wells; where she gave him the blueprints of the CSS Virginia and other intelligence about the ship.[8]
After making it home, Mary and Michael continued to live in Norfolk during and after the war. In the late 1860s, the Louvestes were able secure the ownership of the property on Nivison Street. They continued to operate either a bar, restaurant, or boarding house through the 1870s.[9]
In 1868, Mary wrote a letter to A. H. Kilty, Commodore at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, where she explained how she did everything for "'Our Navy' and rescue its 'heroic defenders'".[10]
Michael died on 4 January 1880 from phthisis pus or known today as tuberculosis. Mary died on 31 October 1883 at her home. It is unknown where they are buried; however, it is probable they were laid to rest at one of the city’s Catholic cemeteries.[11]
Legends
edit
There are multiple accounts about her story. One account stems in part from documentation by then Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles. This account states that Louveste worked with another Union spy, William H. Lyons, who was one of the few workers at Norfolk's Gosport Navy Yard who did not flee when Norfolk was captured by the Confederate Army early in the war, but who was still providing information about the Confederacy through contacts at Fort Monroe. Welles states that Louveste came to him in great secrecy in February 1862 with documents about the CSS Virginia from Lyons.[12][13]
Another account exists based on the work by novelist G. Allen Foster published in Ebony magazine in 1964[14] and on a history by Benjamin Quarles written in 1953,[15] aspects of which have been repeated in many other sources, including a 1998 publication by the US Army Corps of Engineers.[16] This account contains much more detail about Louvestre. In this account, Mary Louvestre was born in the Shenandoah Valley and was bought in her early teens by a small farmer. At the time of the Civil War she may have been between 55 and 70 years old. She had a talent for drafting, and to capitalize on her skills was taught to sew and trained as a seamstress. When the farm faced two tough years in a row, they were forced to sell Mary, who was bought by her owner's cousin, Simeon[14] or John[16] Louvestre, in Norfolk.
In July 1861, she overheard her employer (she bought her freedom with her money from seamstress skills), who worked as engineer[16] or ship-chandler in Norfolk's Gosport Navy Yard bragging about the ironclad Merrimack (later renamed the CSS Virginia) they were building which would dominate the Union Navy. Early in the mornings for the next week, Mary snuck in to the engineers’ office and used her seamstress skills to trace the drawings of the ironclad.[14]
In order to get her information to Union leaders, she obtained permission to visit her previous owners in the valley. Pass in hand, she headed for Union lines near Fredericksburg[14] and with the assistance of the underground railroad, reached her destination. She was then escorted to Washington, D.C., under military guard,[16] where she met with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. Welles offered Mary freedom and employment, but Mary preferred to return and await freedom in Norfolk. The Union used the information to hasten the completion of the ironclad USS Monitor, which would later battle the Merrimac and protect Union blockaders from the Merrimac's offensive power.[16]
Another contemporary account of her story, The Treason of Mary Louvestre by My Haley, was published in 2013 and is closer to the Foster version of the story.[17][18]
External links
editLouveste, Mary (Abt. 1812-1883) at Sargeant Memorial Collection, Norfolk Public Library's Historical Wiki for South Hampton Roads, Virginia
References
edit- ^ "A true Civil War spy story: "The Treason of Mary Louvestre"". WNN. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ Norfolk, Virginia. “A list of free negroes and mulattos residing in the Borough of Norfolk,” 1836 Personal Property List, page 4.; Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. “Registration of Sukey Ogilvie’s children, 1828.” Order Book 28, page 214.;
- ^ Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. “Declaration of Mary Ogilvie, 1834.” Order Book 30, page 394.; Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. “Registration of Sukey Ogilvie’s children, 1828.” Order Book 28, page 214.;
- ^ Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. Order Books 31-34.; Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. “Accounting for Dr. Robert B Stark, estate.” Will Book 6, page 376.; Mark Renie (or Rene) De Mortie, Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia, https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=DeMortie_Mark_R ; Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. “Manumission of Mark.” Order Book 36, page 148.;
- ^ St. Patrick's Catholic Church (Norfolk, Va.) [now St Mary's Catholic Church]. “Marriage, 1 June 1844.” Marriage Register.; Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. Order Books 31-40.;
- ^ “Death of a Respected Old Colored Woman.” Norfolk Virginian (Norfolk, Va.), 8 November 1883, page 3 - column 1.; St. Patrick's Catholic Church (Norfolk, Va.). [Baptisms of Susan and Ophelia Louveste, 1844.], Baptismal Register, page 7.; Norfolk, Virginia. “Death Entry for Robert Louveste.” Register of Death, 1855, page 18 – Line # 765.; Norfolk, Virginia. “Death Entry for Ophelia Louveste.” Register of Death, 1855, page 18 – Line # 766.; Deluise, Kristina Steinlein. Norfolk Virginian Partial Index of Indications of Marriage, 1865-1898. Virginia Beach, Va.: Kristina Deluise, 2014, Volume 1, page 141.; Norfolk, Virginia. “Death Entry for Robert Francis.” Register of Death, 1876, page 4 - Line # 134.; Norfolk, Virginia. “Death Entry for Susan Francis.” Register of Death, 1873, page 4 - Line # 134.
- ^ Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. Order Books 34-40.; Norfolk, Virginia. Hustings and Corporation Court. Deed Book 35. page 198.; 1859 Norfolk City Directory, page 85.
- ^ “In Senate,” The Congressional Globe (Washington, DC), April 1869, page 607.; "Death of a Respected Old Colored Woman.” Norfolk Virginian (Norfolk, Va.), 8 November 1883, page 3 – column 1.; Letter Gideon Wells to (Unknown), 23 September 1864 from Welles, Gideon. Gideon Welles Papers: Correspondence, -1878; 1864, Aug.-Sept. 1864. Mss45054, Box 23; Manuscript/Mixed Material. (Image 103 and 104) https://www.loc.gov/item/mss450540102/.; Letter A. H. Kilty to Gideon Wells, 3 September 1868 and Letter from Mary Louveste to A. H. Kilty, 4 September 1868 from Welles, Gideon. Gideon Welles Papers: Correspondence, -1878; 1868, July-1869, Feb. 1868. Mss45054, Box 25; Manuscript/Mixed Material. (Images 37-42) https://www.loc.gov/item/mss450540114.;
- ^ United States, Census Bureau. 1870 Federal Census. Ward 3, City of Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia; Roll: M593_1666; Page: 11-92; 1874-1875 Norfolk City Directory, “Michael Louveste,” page 131.; 1877-1878 Norfolk City Directory, “Michael Louvest,” page 148.; 1880-1881 Norfolk and Portsmouth City Directory, “Michael Louvests,” page 145.;
- ^ Welles, Gideon. Gideon Welles Papers: Correspondence, -1878; 1868, July-1869, Feb. 1868. Mss45054, Box 25; Manuscript/Mixed Material. (Images 37-42) Image 41 – Letter from Mary Louveste to A. H. Kilty, 4 September 1868 (handwritten).
- ^ Norfolk, Virginia. “Death Entry for Michael Louveste.” Register of Death, 1880, page 12.; “Died.” Norfolk Virginian (Norfolk, Va.), 6 January 1880, page 2 – column 2.; Norfolk, Virginia. “Death Entry for Mary Louveste.” Register of Death, 1883, page 12.; “Death of a Respected Old Colored Woman.” Norfolk Virginian (Norfolk, Va.), 8 November 1883, page 3 – column 1.;
- ^ McClure, Alexander K. The Annals of the war written by leading participants north and south. 1879, Philadelphia : The Times Publishing Co, page 20
- ^ A letter by Welles outlining this is reproduced and discussed in Woman Slave's Deeds as Union Spy Long Overdue for Recognition. The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA) (Sun, 24 Mar 2002)
- ^ a b c d Foster, G. Allen, Mary Louvestre helped defeat Rebels in crucial sea battle by spying on South. Ebony, July 1964
- ^ Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War. Perseus Books Group, 1953 p92-93
- ^ a b c d e Smith, Steven D., and James A. Zeidler. A Historic Context for the African American Military Experience. No. CERL-TR-CRRC-98/87. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB (ARMY) CHAMPAIGN IL, 1998.
- ^ Haley, My. The Treason of Mary Louvestre, Morgan James Publishing, 1 Feb 2013
- ^ McEwen, Lauren. "My Haley, wife of Alex Haley, releases her first novel". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 April 2016.