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Maria N’koi is a Congolese rebel and healer known for having launched a "therapeutic insurgency"[1] against the colonial administration of the Belgian Congo in 1915, opposing taxation and forced labor.[2]
After the scramble for Africa, Congo became a personal possession of the Belgian king, Léopold II, who brutally exploited it with violently enforced rubber production quotas.[3]
In 1903 Léopold asked the Liverpool School to study sleeping sickness in the Congo. These scientists mistakenly believed that the disease was infectious, and instituted internment camps and medical passports. Horrible conditions in the camps[4] exacerbated a fundamental dissonance in the imposed public health measures; local healers believed in protecting the patient from harm rather than protecting the community from the patient.[5] In fact the disease spreading due to the forced-labor harvesting of rubber from Landolphia vines in areas infested with the primary vectors of the illness, tsetse flies.[6]
Many others revolted in this period, but hers led to later revolts in Bus-Bloc and Dekese,[7] and foreshadowed the advent of Simon Kimbangu. In all, thirty armed government interventions took place in 1915, some of them military, according to an annual report from the colonial administration to Brussels.[8] Colonial administrators commonly arbitrarily assigned villages to collect rubber in territories belonging to other peoples, leading to conflict, and also raided villages that failed to meet their quotas. Villagers fled from these demands, and often were helped to do so.
However, Maria N'koi was drawing crowds in 1915, and Équateur, where she lived, adjoined the German territory of Kamerun following a French defeat by the Germans in 1911[9] and she was forecasting the defeat of the Belgians by the Germans in addition to advocating defiance.[10] In fact the Kamerun campaign led to a German loss and partition of their territories between the French and British. Maria N'koi was arrested and tried at Coquilhatville, then exiled (réléguée) to Buta. In 1929 authorities allowed her to leave Buta, but still thought her too dangerous to allow her to return home, and required her to go instead to Coquilhatville, where some of the Africans were évolués.[11]
Maria N'Koi (of the leopard) was named for a leopard she was said to have killed in her youth, and is also still associated in local tales of her arrest with trees, magic and healing. In her later years the Mobutu government recognized her as an official guerriseur and asked her to work for the revolution. The records of the colonial prison system paint yet a third, sexualized, image of her.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Stanard, Matthew G. (2017). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. pp. vol. 72, no 2, p. 236–238.
- ^ MACGAFFEY, W. (2018). ANXIETY AND POWER IN COLONIAL CONGO - A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo. By Nancy Rose Hunt. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Pp. xviii 352. hardback (ISBN 978082235946); $26.95, paperback (ISBN 9780822359634 Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum). The Journal of African History, 59(1), 155-156. doi:10.1017/S0021853718000208
- ^ Belgium's Heart of Darkness: King Leopold II’s personal rule of the vast Congo Free State anticipated the horrors of the 20th century, argues Tim Stanley. Tim Stanley | Published in History Today Volume 62 Issue 10 October 2012. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/contrarian/belgiums-heart-darkness
- ^ Lyons, Maryinez. The Colonial Disease: a Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900-1940. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- ^ O’Keefe p.44
- ^ O’Keefe, Samuel, "When global health emergency meets chronic emergency: parsing out (inter)national and local optics in the democratic republic of the Congo’s tenth ebola virus disease outbreak" (2020). p.41. Senior Capstone Projects. 1018. https://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/senior_capstone/1018
- ^ Canadian Journal of African Studies.Canadian Association of African Studies, Committee on African Studies in Canada. 1976. p.51. via Google Books, University of Michigan
- ^ Histoire du Congo: Léopoldville-Kinshassa, des origines préhistoriques à la République démocratique du Congo. Collection Mondes d'Outre-mer. Robert Cornevin. Edition 3. Berger-Levrault, 1970. Via University of Michigan, Google Books. In French. p.196
- ^ Hunt, Nancy Rose (30 December 2015). A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822375241.
- ^ Gubin, Éliane; Jacques, Catherine (2018). Encyclopédie d'histoire des femmes, Belgique XIX - XXème siècle. Racine. p. 656.
- ^ Hunt, Nancy Rose (30 December 2015). A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822375241.