Margoliouth is a surname. Notable people by that name include:
- David Samuel Margoliouth (1858–1940), British orientalist.
- Moses Margoliouth (1820–1881), Jewish convert to Christianity.
- H. M. Margoliouth (1887–1959), British poet and literary scholar.
- Jessie Payne Margoliouth (1856–1933), Syriac scholar.