Marcus Junius Brutus (died 77 BC) was a plebeian tribune of the Roman Republic in 83 BC and the founder of the colony in Capua. He was an associate of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, who led a revolt against the senate after the death of Sulla. He was captured by Pompey and treacherously executed.[1] He was the father of a homonymous son, who assassinated Julius Caesar in 44.
Biography
editHe served as tribune of the plebs in 83 BC.[2] During his year, he passed a bill establishing a colony at Capua.[3] François Hinard, in Les proscriptions de Rome républicaine, argues that this Brutus was proscribed in the Sullan proscriptions but survived through the dictatorship by taking refuge in Gaul.[4]
In 77 BC, Brutus was stationed, probably as a legate, under Lepidus in Cisalpine Gaul.[5][6] He was allied with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, who as consul was agitating against Sulla's constitutional settlement, advocating for the victims of the proscriptions, and opposed a state funeral for Sulla.[7] Lepidus turned to violence and raised an army against his consular colleague Quintus Lutatius Catulus when Catulus successfully blocked his proposals.[8]
Lepidus' army was defeated outside of Rome by Catulus' forces. Some sources assert that Pompey or both Catulus and Pompey were responsible, but the most reliable narratives mention Catulus only.[9][10] Brutus was stationed at Mutina, where he defended the stronghold against Pompey, who had been sent by the senate to dislodge him.[11] He withstood Pompey's attacks for some time, but was eventually surrendered – his troops either turned on him or he surrendered of his own accord – after which he was allowed to go free. Following this, he went to the town of Regium Lepidi, where he was murdered by Pompey's close ally Geminius.[12] According to Plutarch,
For Brutus, whether he himself betrayed his army, or whether his army changed sides and betrayed him, put himself in the hands of Pompey, and receiving an escort of horsemen, retired to a little town upon the Po. Here, after a single day had passed, he was slain by Geminius, who was sent by Pompey to do the deed.[13]
Pompey forwarded to Rome the news of his surrender and execution. The senate blamed Pompey for the perfidious act. John Leach, in his biography of Pompey, defends his subject by arguing that Brutus "presumably began to whip up further support for Lepidus (the name of the town suggests that there were hereditary clients of his there)" and so Pompey was "forced" to send Geminius to Regium Lepidi to recapture and execute him.[12] The incident would later be used as anti-Pompeian propaganda to brand the general as a "teenaged butcher".[14]
Brutus is quoted by Cicero, who says he was well skilled in public and private law.[15]
Family
editHe was the first husband to Servilia, the elder half-sister of Cato the Younger. His homonymous son by Servilia is the Marcus Junius Brutus who was one of the chief assassins of Julius Caesar.[6][1] The assassin was adopted by one of his maternal relatives, becoming Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus; if this Brutus was proscribed, the adoption would have had the effect of lifting any civic disabilities – persons proscribed and their heirs were barred from seeking political office at Rome – that transmitted to his son.[16]
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See also
edit- Junia gens
- Servilia, his wife
- Marcus Junius Brutus, his homonymous son
References
edit- ^ a b Badian 2012.
- ^ Treggiari, Susan (2019). "Adolescence and Marriage to Brutus (c. 88–78)". Servilia and her Family. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-186792-7.
- ^ Broughton 1952, p. 63.
- ^ Hinard 1985, pp. 361–62 (= Person 35), citing among others: App. BCiv., 2.111, Cic. Att., 9.14.2 (= Letter 182 SB).
- ^ Broughton 1952, p. 91.
- ^ a b Tempest 2017, p. 24.
- ^ Flower 2010, p. 140; Tempest 2017, p. 24.
- ^ Flower 2010, p. 140.
- ^ Golden 2013, p. 122–24.
- ^ Broughton 1952, p. 90. "[Florus] wrongly places Pompey's battle at Rome".
- ^ Plut. Pomp., 16.3.
- ^ a b Leach, John (1978). Pompey the Great. Croom Helm. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8476-6035-3.
- ^ Plut. Pomp., 16.4.
- ^ Tempest 2017, p. 24. See also Val Max 6.2.8.
- ^ Cic. Brut. 36.
- ^ Hinard 1985, pp. 361–62 (= Person 35).
Bibliography
edit- Badian, Ernst (2012). "Iunius Brutus, Marcus". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3439. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.
- Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
- Flower, Harriet (2010). Roman republics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14043-8. LCCN 2009004551.
- Golden, Gregory K (2013). Crisis management during the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
- Hinard, François (1985). Les proscriptions de Rome républicaine (in French). Ecole français du Rome. ISBN 2-7283-0094-1.
- Plutarch (1917) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Pompey". Parallel Lives. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Loeb Classical Library – via LacusCurtius.
- Tempest, Kathryn (2017). Brutus: The Noble Conspirator. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18009-1.