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The following events occurred in March 1938:
- Hermann Göring was presented with a field marshal's baton by Adolf Hitler, who made the gesture to placate Göring for not giving him any new cabinet positions in last month's shake-up.[1]
- 20,000 Nazis marched in Graz, Austria in defiance of government attempts to stop them.[2]
- The Yosemite TWA crash occurred.
- Died: Gabriele D'Annunzio, 74, Italian writer and soldier
- The special court trial against Martin Niemöller ended in Germany. He was cleared of the most serious charge against him, that of treason against the state, but was convicted of "endangering public security, exploiting the pulpit and incitement to resistance against the government". Niemöller was freed on time served but the Gestapo immediately took him back into "protective custody".[3][4]
- The last of the Moscow Trials began with the Trial of the Twenty-One.[5]
- Born: Ricardo Lagos, President of Chile, in Santiago
- Died: Ben Harney, 65, American songwriter, entertainer and pioneer of ragtime music
- The German Ministry of the Interior said that Martin Niemöller was still being held because the pastor "was determined to carry on agitation against the state, thereby endangering peace and order."[6]
- The new United States Ambassador to Germany Hugh R. Wilson presented his credentials to Hitler.[7]
- The Supreme Court of Canada struck down the Accurate News and Information Act in Alberta as unconstitutional.[8]
- Born: Angus MacLise, musician and poet, in Bridgeport, Connecticut (d. 1979); Don Perkins, NFL fullback, in Waterloo, Iowa (d. 2022); Paula Prentiss, actress, in San Antonio, Texas
- The Battle of Cape Palos, the biggest naval battle of the Spanish Civil War, began near Cartagena.
- German tennis star Gottfried von Cramm was arrested by the Nazis for homosexual activity.[9]
- Bock beer was banned in Nazi Germany due to lack of barley. An exception was made for export purposes to obtain foreign currencies.[10]
- The Battle of Cape Palos ended in a Republican victory. The cruiser Baleares was sunk.
- Japanese forces reached the Yellow River.[11]
- The Nationalists launched the Aragon Offensive.
- Born: David Baltimore, biologist and Nobel laureate, in New York City; Janet Guthrie, race car driver, in Iowa City, Iowa
- Died: James B. A. Robertson, 66, American lawyer, judge and 4th Governor of Oklahoma
- Former U.S. President Herbert Hoover visited Adolf Hitler at the Chancellory in Berlin. Their hour-long conversation on issues such as housing, employment and agriculture was reportedly courteous.[12]
- Born: Bruno Pizzul, journalist and footballer, in Udine, Italy
- Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg announced a referendum for March 13 to determine the question of unification with Germany.[1]
- Soviet Central Television broadcast for the first time.
- Born: Charles Siebert, television actor and director, in Kenosha, Wisconsin (d. 2022)
- Hitler ordered his generals to prepare for an invasion of Austria. No such military plans existed yet and the General Staff scrambled to draw some up.[13]
- The 10th Academy Awards were held in Los Angeles, postponed one week by the Los Angeles flood. The Life of Emile Zola won Best Picture.
- The romantic drama film Jezebel starring Bette Davis (in the role that made her famous) and Henry Fonda premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York.[14]
- Germany mobilized along the Austrian border threatening to invade. Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg resigned over the radio and explained that the Austrian military had been instructed not to resist. Schuschnigg signed off with, "I say goodbye with the heartfelt wish that God will protect Austria."[15][16]
- Anschluss: The German army crossed the Austrian border at 8:00 a.m.; Hitler's convoy arrived later that day.[17] Arrests of thousands of potential opponents of the Nazis began.[15]
- Francoist Spain repealed the Spanish Republic's civil marriage law.[18]
- Died: Lyda Roberti, 31, Polish-born American actress (heart attack)
- The new Austrian Chancellor Arthur Seyss-Inquart proclaimed the Anschluss annexing the country to Germany. President Wilhelm Miklas refused to sign the document and resigned.[15]
- Léon Blum became Prime Minister of France for the second time.
- Eighteen of the defendants in the Trial of the Twenty-One were sentenced to death.[19]
- Russian language became a mandatory subject in all non-Russian schools of the Soviet Union.[20]
- Born: Erma Franklin, gospel and R&B singer, in Shelby, Mississippi (d. 2002)
- Died: Clarence Darrow, 80, American lawyer
- Hitler rode into Vienna triumphantly.[15]
- British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain made a speech in the House of Commons on the Austrian situation, saying the government "emphatically" disapproved of Germany's deed but that "nothing could have prevented this action by Germany unless we and others with us had been prepared to use force to prevent it."[21]
- The Nationalists captured Alcañiz.[22]
- Born: Eleanor Bron, actress and author, in Stanmore, England
- Hitler made a speech in Vienna from the balcony of the Hofburg Palace overlooking the Heldenplatz, utilizing a symbol of the Habsburg monarchy to present himself as a continuation of leadership going back to the time of the Holy Roman Empire.[23]
- Born: Bob Locker, baseball player, in George, Iowa (d. 2022)
- Died: Nikolai Bukharin, 49, Russian revolutionary (executed); Alexei Rykov, 57, Russian revolutionary and politician (executed)
- Bombing of Barcelona: The Aviazione Legionaria began bombing Barcelona.[24]
- The Battle of Caspe began.
- The Battle of Caspe ended in Nationalist victory with the capture of the city.
- Poland delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the establishment of diplomatic relations.
- France reopened the border with Spain.[24]
- Hitler decreed that the Reichsmark would be legal tender in Austria alongside the schilling, at a fixed value of 1 Reichsmark to 1.5 shillings.[25]
- Born: Rudolf Nureyev, dancer, near Irkutsk, USSR (d. 1993); Keith O'Brien, Roman Catholic bishop, in Ballycastle, County Antrim, Northern Ireland (d. 2018); Kris Biantoro, Indonesian singer and actor (d. 2013)
- Hitler gave a speech to the Reichstag calling for new elections on April 10 as well as a referendum to approve the Anschluss.[26]
- The Bombing of Barcelona severely damaged the city and left as many as 1,300 people dead.
- Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized the assets of 17 foreign oil companies. The U.S. and British governments protested the policy but the Mexican public widely supported it.[11][15]
- Werner von Fritsch was formally acquitted of the homosexuality charges against him.[27]
- The Gun Law in Nazi Germany banned Jewish gun merchants.[28]
- The musical comedy film Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm starring Shirley Temple, Randolph Scott and Bill Robinson was released.
- Born: Shashi Kapoor, actor and film producer, in Calcutta, British India (d. 2017); Bob Nevin, ice hockey player, in Timmins, Ontario, Canada (d. 2020); Charley Pride, country musician, in Sledge, Mississippi (d. 2020)
- Lithuania capitulated to Poland's March 17 ultimatum. A spontaneous celebration in the streets of Warsaw turned into antisemitic rioting in which 2 people were killed and the windows of many Jewish shops were smashed.[29]
- Born: Joe Kapp, CFL and NFL quarterback, in Santa Fe, New Mexico (d. 2023)
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- Thousands of demonstrators marched in London to protest the Bombing of Barcelona and the Chamberlain government's refusal to allow arms to the Republicans.[30]
- 61 American bishops of the Episcopal and Methodist churches publicized an open letter to the Catholic clergy of the United States, asking them to "bring the might of your influence to bear on Gen. Francisco Franco to halt bombing of civilians in Spain."[31]
- The Swiss Federal Assembly approved a government declaration that any violation of Swiss neutrality would be opposed by "an unshakeable, unanimous determination to defend independence to the last drop of blood."[32]
- Born: Fritz Pleitgen, television journalist and author, in Duisburg–Meiderich, Germany (d. 2022)
- Died: Oscar Apfel, 60, American actor and filmmaker
- The Farmers' League was compelled by the Nazis to withdraw its representative from the Czechoslovakian cabinet and place itself under the direction of the Sudeten German Party.[33]
- The World Jewish Congress petitioned the League of Nations to save Austria's Jews.[34]
- 20th Century Fox's lawsuit against the magazine Night and Day for editor Graham Greene's infamous review of the Shirley Temple movie Wee Willie Winkie went to trial in Britain (Greene was in Mexico and not present). The judge awarded £3,500 in punitive damages and essentially put the magazine out of business.[35][36][37]
- Neville Chamberlain called upon the Trades Union Congress and asked for their help in speeding up Britain's arms production. Plans included the introduction of day and night shifts in munitions factories and hiring an additional 100,000 semi-skilled workers.[38]
- Born: Maynard Jackson, politician, in Dallas, Texas (d. 2003)
- Died: Thomas Walter Scott, 70, first Premier of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan
- The Battle of Xuzhou and the Battle of Taierzhuang began.
- Neville Chamberlain made an important foreign policy speech in the House of Commons, saying Britain would fight for France and Belgium if they were attacked but making no such guarantee for Czechoslovakia.[2]
- Vladas Mironas became Prime Minister of Lithuania.
- The Nationalists launched the Levante Offensive.
- Battleship won the Grand National horse race.[2]
- Born: Hoyt Axton, folk musician, songwriter and actor, in Duncan, Oklahoma (d. 1999)
- The Japanese government passed the National Mobilization Bill, giving the state dictatorial powers over the economy.[11]
- The United Australia Party won the New South Wales state election.
- Born: Anthony James Leggett, physicist and Nobel laureate, in Camberwell, England
- Nationalist forces pushed into Catalonia, capturing the village of Massalcoreig.[39]
- Catholic churches in Austria read a pastoral letter calling for a vote of yes in the April 10 Anschluss referendum.[40]
- A double referendum on constitutional reform was held in Uruguay. Voters approved both reform proposals.
- In order to bring the flood of refugees from Austria under control, the Swiss Federal Council required holders of Austrian passports to have visas.[41]
- Adolf Hitler met with Sudeten German leader Konrad Henlein and instructed him to create a crisis in Czechoslovakia by making demands that would be impossible to meet.[42]
- The U.S. Supreme Court decided Lovell v. City of Griffin and New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.
- Died: Džemaludin Čaušević, 67, Bosniak reformer and imam
- A Dornier Do 18 flown by a crew of four Germans established a new seaplane distance record, flying 5,220 miles non-stop from Start Point, Devon, England to Caravelas, Brazil in 43 hours.[43][44]
- Died: Alex Leake, 66, English footballer
- The U.S. government demanded that Mexico pay fair compensation for the losses of American oil companies after the Mexican government took over their property.[11]
- Benito Mussolini gave a senate speech broadcast around the world warning that "Italy's land, sea and air forces are tuned for rapid and implacable war."[45]
- The Barbados Labour Party was founded.
- Born: Joel Godard, television announcer, in Milledgeville, Georgia
References
edit- ^ a b MacDonogh, Giles (2009). 1938: Hitler's Gamble. Basic Books. pp. 31–35. ISBN 978-0-465-02205-2.
- ^ a b c Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7864-0372-1.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (March 3, 1938). "Germany Frees and Then Jails U-Boat Pastor". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
- ^ "Soviet Leader Defies Stalin; Jolts Spy Trial". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 3, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "U-Boat Pastor Too Dangerous to Go Free: Nazis". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 4, 1938. p. 4.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 3. März 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "High Court of Canada Wrecks Alberta Dream". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 5, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "German Net Star Sent to Prison on Sex Charge". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 15, 1938. p. 7.
- ^ "Germany Stunned: Nazis Impose a Ban on Beloved Bock Beer". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 6, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d "Chronology 1938". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Fischer, Klaus P. (2011). Hitler and America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8122-0441-4.
- ^ Press, Daryl G. (2005). Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats. Cornell University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8014-7415-6.
- ^ Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 1064. ISBN 0-520-07908-6.
- ^ a b c d e "1938". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "'I Yield to Force,' Austria is Told by Schuschnigg". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 12, 1938. p. 2.
- ^ Fellner, Fritz; Wagenleitner, Reinhold F. "Anschluss and World War Two". Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 511. ISBN 0-313-22054-9.
- ^ "18 Sentenced to Death for Soviet Treason". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 13, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ Blitstein, Peter A. "Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School, 1938–1953. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. Ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-19-534935-1.
- ^ "Foreign Affairs (Austria)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). March 14, 1938. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "High Spots of Spain's Civil War Are Listed Since July 1936". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 16, 1938. p. 2.
- ^ "Historic rallies on Heldenplatz". The World of the Habsburgs. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ a b Simkin, John (2014). "Spanish Civil War: Chronology". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 17. März 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (March 19, 1938). "Hitler Boasts of His Power; Warns Europe". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 18. März 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Riots Mark Polish Victory". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 20, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "Britain Joins France in Protesting Rebel Raids on Barcelona". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 21, 1938. p. 4.
- ^ "Want Catholics to Make Franco Check Bombing". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 21, 1938. p. 4.
- ^ "Swiss Vow Fight to Last Drop of Blood if Periled". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 22, 1938. p. 5.
- ^ "Czech Nazis Win Victory; Force Out Cabinet Man". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 23, 1938. p. 7.
- ^ "League Called Upon to Save Jews in Austria". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 23, 1938. p. 7.
- ^ Parkinson, David (October 28, 2013). "This Day in 1937: Controversial Graham Greene film review published". MovieMail. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Shirley Temple scandal was real reason Graham Greene fled to Mexico". The Independent. November 18, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Brennan, Michael G. (2010). Graham Greene: Fictions, Faith and Authorship. Continuum Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4411-3742-5.
- ^ Darrah, David (March 24, 1938). "Rush Gun Building in Britain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "100 Towns Fall to Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 28, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 27. März 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Hayes, Peter (2015). How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader. University of Nebraska Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8032-7491-4.
- ^ Cymet, David (2010). History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church. Plymouth: Lexington Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7391-3295-1.
- ^ "Seaplane Record". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 30, 1938. p. 4.
- ^ "Dornier Record". Flight. April 7, 1938. p. 349.
- ^ "Italy is Ready for War, Duce Warns Europe". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 31, 1938. p. 7.