Mahjong (English pronunciation: /mɑːˈdʒɒŋ/ mah-JONG) culture refers to the various traditions, customs, beliefs, and practices surrounding the game of mahjong, a popular tile-based game originating in China.[1] It is played in other East Asian countries, such as Japan, Korea, and Taiwan,[2] as well as in other parts of the world. Mahjong has a long-spanning history that dates back more than a century. It has evolved over time to include different regional variations and cultures. The game has also become an important aspect of social life in many communities, often played at family gatherings, social events, and even in professional settings.
China
editMahjong was created in 1846 by imperial servant Chen Yu-Men.[1] Within years, the game became extremely popular across China. There were local and regional variations, as there are today, but the game at its core was prevalent across the entire country. The game started to become heavily associated with gambling, smoking opium, and wasting time. As such, during the late Qing reforms, mahjong became considered a social issue. Mahjong started to become outlawed indirectly as gambling and smoking opium became criminalized. The ban was not very successful, however, at least until the Chinese cultural revolution. During the cultural revolution, mahjong was considered a part of “old culture” and that causes nearly all mahjong-related paraphernalia to be outlawed and or destroyed.[3]
After the end of Mao's control, mahjong became popular again in the country as government and social reforms changed and became less restrictive.
Culture and practices
editMahjong, outside of being a game, is also widely considered to be a social activity that has been used to build relationships and create a sense of community. Being invited to play mahjong is seen as a form of kinship and acceptance in some cultures.[4] In China, mahjong is closely related to teahouse culture where players gather to play and socialize.[5] Mahjong is played almost anywhere a table is available or can be set up. This ranges from people's homes, streets, and sidewalks, or even workplaces. Indeed, playing mahjong can be considered a form of social gathering.
Some consider mahjong to be primarily luck and only partly skill.[6] As such, divination and fortune play a large part in mahjong. There are many practices or rituals relating to the luck or fortune of the players in the game. Failing to properly execute them gives the player negative fortune, leading to the player's loss.
For example, the seating arrangement of the players in mahjong is believed to bring either great luck or great misfortune, determining the outcome of the game. Seating arrangements must be determined randomly and given to the supernatural, so as to give everyone fair chances. Methods of determining seating arrangements vary across different cultures, but seating arrangements are almost always determined randomly.[7]
Additionally, arranging the table at an angle, unaligned with the surrounding walls, is said to promote good fortune by aligning it with the mahjong ghosts.[8]
Mahjong players also have many superstitious beliefs, some examples are:[9]
- Going to the bathroom and washing your hands can fix your luck.
- Beginner's luck, the idea that beginners will experience more wins.
- Tapping a player’s shoulder is bad luck for the player.
- An opening-game victory gives bad luck.
Additionally, expensive Mahjong sets can be seen as a status symbol and are a source of pride among families.
Prevalence in other parts of the world
editUnited States
editMahjong was brought to the United States in the 1920s by Joseph Park Babcock.[10] It was imported into the U.S. during a time when many Americans had held ancient China in high regard but held racial prejudice against contemporary Chinese. Mahjong was marketed as an exotic and mystical game played in ancient China and it quickly gained popularity.[11] Despite the anti-Chinese sentiment in the era, the game was played by many Americans, including Chinese Americans who saw the game as a way to connect with their Chinese heritage while also playing a trendy game.
Initially, the game was male-dominated, but over the course of the mahjong craze, it started to become more associated with women and femininity. The change is thought to be brought on by “the merging of American gendered ideas of Chinese culture with the strengthened association of women as archetypal consumers."[11]
Another aspect of mahjong's popularity in the U.S. is its unique appeal to Jewish families, particularly women, even after the initial mahjong craze. Hoping to revitalize the game, a group of Jewish women from New York established the national Mah-Jongg League. By the mid-20th century, after World War II, Mahjong games became lodged in many Jewish-American families, offering a space for socializing, networking, and entertainment.[11]
Japan
editMahjong was brought to Japan by soldier Saburo Hirayama in 1924; Hirayama opened a mahjong school and parlor to introduce the game to Japanese citizens.[12] Much like in America, the game had spread across the country and became widely popular. As of 2007, Japan has some twenty-two thousand mahjong parlors across the country, with at least five thousand of them inside Tokyo alone. Additionally, in Chiba, Japan, there is a mahjong museum that showcases the history of the game. Mahjong was the most popular game in Japan in 2010. Today, a considerable amount of mahjong in Japan is played digitally through the internet and software.[12]
Hong Kong
editIn Hong Kong:
- During a Chinese wedding banquet, guests play Mahjong during the waiting time.
- A count-down Mahjong before the Chinese New Year or the New Year is a typical practice for many Hong Kong families.
- While most people have a Mahjong set at home, most Chinese restaurants offer sets of Mahjong equipment for their customers.
- Officially, casinos are illegal in Hong Kong. However, there are legal Mahjong schools, where gamblers can play Mahjong.
- The elderly are encouraged to play Mahjong as brain exercise.
- To invite a person to a Mahjong game is an indication of friendliness in Chinese Culture.
However, Mahjong games also create problems. Addiction to Mahjong is a common type of problem gambling. Mahjong is also a favourite medium for bribery - the person giving the bribe will intentionally lose large sums of money to the person being bribed.
Philippines
editIn the Philippines, games of mahjong are played graveside as a form of honoring the dead, specifically on All Souls’ Day.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Rep 2012, p. 52.
- ^ Rep 2012, p. 127.
- ^ Wang, Di (July 2014). "Mahjong and Urban Life: Individual Rights, Collective Interests, and City Image in Post-Mao China". International Journal of Asian Studies. 11 (2): 187–210. doi:10.1017/S1479591414000163. S2CID 144559560.
- ^ "Why mahjong is more than just a game and deserves our respect". South China Morning Post. 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ Feng, Jiao (12 August 2013). "Chengdu Life in the Slow Lane". China Today.
- ^ Festa, Paul E. (2007). "Mahjong Agonistics and the Political Public in Taiwan: Fate, Mimesis, and the Martial Imaginary". Anthropological Quarterly. 80 (1): 93–125. doi:10.1353/anq.2007.0004. S2CID 144828107.
- ^ Rep 2012, p. 30.
- ^ Festa, Paul E. (2005). Manly Vice and Virtù: State Specters, Secular Rituals, and Public Culture in Taiwan. Cornell University. ISBN 978-0-542-35091-7. OCLC 864105019.[page needed]
- ^ Zheng, Wu Yi; Walker, Michael; Blaszczynski, Alex (September 2010). "Mahjong Gambling in the Chinese-Australian Community in Sydney: A Prevalence Study". Journal of Gambling Studies. 26 (3): 441–454. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9159-3. PMID 19936893. S2CID 19866124.
- ^ Heinz, Annelise (2015). Mahjong, American Modernity, and Cultural Transnationalism (Thesis). ProQuest 2501246333.[page needed]
- ^ a b c d Heinz, Annelise (6 May 2021). "How Mahjong Became American". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ a b Rep 2012, pp. 97–98.
Sources
edit- Rep, Jelte (2012). The Great Mahjong Book: History, Lore, and Play. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0496-9. OCLC 779828750.