Madhavendra Puri (Mādhavendra Purī in IAST) (c. 1420–1490)[1] was a 15th century Vaishnava ascetic who was an early figure in the rediscovery of Braj.
Madhavendra Puri | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | circa 1420 |
| Died | circa 1490 |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Organization | |
| Order | Dvaita (traditional sources), Advaita (modern sources) |
| Philosophy | Vaishnavism |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Lakṣmīpati Tīrtha |
Disciples | |
Biography
edit
Sectarian Affiliation
editAccording to both Gauḍīya (Kavikarṇapura's Gauragaṇoddeśadīpikā) and Puṣṭimārga (Vallabhadigvijaya) accounts, Mādhavendra Purī (called Mādhavendra Yati in the Vallabhadigvijaya) was a follower of Madhva's Dvaita school. However, according to modern scholars he was likely a follower of the Shringeri Math of the Daśanāmī Sampradāya, who followed monistic Vedanta. The followers of the Madhva school themselves never mention Mādhavendra or his disciples.[2][3][4][5]
According to Gauḍīya tradition, Mādhavendra Purī was the disciple of Lakṣmīpati Tīrtha. His main disciple is stated to be Īśvara Purī, and is also stated to have taught Advaita Ācārya and Viṣṇu Purī, and to a lesser extent Keśava Bhāratī and Rāghavendra Purī.[6]
Worship of Krishna Image on Govardhan Hill
editGauḍīya tradition
editAccording to Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja's Caitanya Caritāmr̥ta, Mādhavendra Purī once circumambulated Govardhana Hill and bathed in Govinda Kuṇḍa. There he was approached by a cowherd boy who offered him milk, and later that night the boy appeared to Mādhavendra Purī in a dream, where he revealed himself as Gopāla. Gopāla revealed to Mādhavendra that he was hidden in a thicket from Muslim attacks, and that he was suffering due to being exposed to the elements. The next morning, Mādhavendra had the image of Gopāla removed from the thicket and installed in a temple on top of Govardhana Hill. Mādhavendra began the institutional worship of Gopāla by appointing Bengali brahmins to the image's service. After two years, he had a dream where he was ordered to go to South India to get sandalwood, from which he never returned.[7][8][9][10]
Puṣṭimārga tradition
editAccording to a Harirāya's Do Sau Bāvan Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā, Mādhavendra Purī met Vallabha's son, Viṭṭhalanātha, which Entwistle states is a "distorted account".[11]
According to the Caurāsī Baiṭhakana ke Caritra, there is mention of a Mādhavānanda Brahmacārī who teaches Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa (Vallabha's father) astrology. According to Śāstrī, Mādhavānanda was a student of Mādhavendra Yati who is confused for his teacher in this text.[12]
According to the Śrī Govardhananāthajī ke Prākaṭya kī Vārtā (19th century),[13][14] Mādhavendra Purī taught Vallabha in Varanasi, however this is considered "highly improbable" by Entwistle due to the dates of Vallabha's birth and Mādhavendra's death. When asked what he would like as a fee for teaching Vallabha, Mādhavendra asked to serve Śrī Nāthajī, as he had a premonition that Vallabha would establish the formal worship of the deity. When Mādhavendra Purī arrived at Govardhan Hill, the image was being already being worshipped as a snake deity by the local villagers, and as Kr̥ṣṇa by Saddu Pāṇḍe. Mādhavendra Purī adorned Śrī Nāthajī with a garland and turban decoration, and offered him milk (he was told by Śrī Nāthajī that he would only accept solid food when Vallabha arrived). The text also claims that Mādhavendra was appointed mukhiyā of the Bengali priests, which is also considered unlikely by Entwistle since the Śrī Nāthajī temple was built after his lifetime. Mādhavendra Purī later went to South India to get sandalwood, from which he never returned.[15][11][16][17]
Initiating sankirtana movement
editMadhavendra Puri is often accepted as initial inspiration or initiator of the movement of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu,[18][19] who accepted Madhavendra's intimate disciple, Isvara Puri as his diksa guru.[20] He is believed to have been preaching the principles of Gaudiya Vaishnavism prior to Chaitanya.[21]
Memorial
editMadhavendra Puri died in Remuna. His memorial Samādhi and sandals are still worshiped there.[22] It is a place of pilgrimage for many Vaishnava groups.
More information
edit- BB Teertha (2001). Chaitanya: His Life and Associates. Mandala Publishing. ISBN 1-886069-28-X.
- "Giriraj Swami — Lecture - Madhavendra Puri Disappearance day". www.rupa.com. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
- Hardy, Friedhelm - Madhavendra Puri: A Link Between Bengal Vaisnavism and South Indian Bhakti, JROS, no.1, 1974
- Kaviraja Goswami, Krishnadasa. "Madhavendra Puri - references in Caitanya caritamrta online". vedabase.net. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
References and notes
edit- ^ Hardy, Friedhelm (1974). "Mādhavêndra Purī: A Link between Bengal Vaiṣṇavism and South Indian "Bhakti"". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1. Cambridge University Press: 31 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Hardy 1974, pp. 26, 31–41.
- ^ Entwistle, A. W. (1987). Braj: Center of Krishna Pilgrimage. Egbert Forsten. pp. 137–138.
- ^ Valpey, Kenneth (2018). "Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Angelika, Malinar; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
- ^ Hawley, John Stratton (2012). "The four sampradāys: ordering the religious past in Mughal North India". In O'Hanlon, Rosalind; Washbrook, David (eds.). Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 86, 108, 122–123, 457.
- ^ Hardy 1974, p. 33.
- ^ Entwistle 1987, p. 138.
- ^ Valpey, Kenneth Russel (2006). Attending Kṛṣṇa's Image: Caitanya Vaiṣṇava mūrtī-sevā as devotional truth. Routledge. p. 66.
- ^ Haberman, David L. (2020). Loving Stones: Making the Impossible Possible in the Worship of Mount Govardhan. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42.
- ^ Steward, Tony K., ed. (1999). Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja: A Translation and Commentary. Harvard Oriental Series 56. Translated by Dimock, Edward C. Jr. Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University. p. 382.
- ^ a b Entwistle 1987, pp. 138–140.
- ^ Śāstrī, Keśavarāma Kāśīrāma (1977). Śrīvallabhācārya mahāprabhujī : aitihyamūlaka jīvanī. Śrī Sayājī Sāhityamāḷā (in Gujarati). Vaḍodarā: Prācyavidyā Mandira, Mahārājā Sayājīrāva Viśvavidyālaya. p. 54.
- ^ Bachrach, Emilia (2014). Reading the Medieval in the Modern: The Living Tradition of Hagiography in the Vallabh Sect of Contemporary Gujarat (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin. p. 127.
- ^ Pauwels, Heidi; Bachrach, Emilia (July 2018). "Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 28 (3). Cambridge University Press: 489–492.
- ^ Entwistle, Alan William (1982). The Rāsa Māna ke Pada of Kevalarāma: A Medieval Hindi Text of the Eighth Gaddī of the Vallabha Sect (PhD thesis). University of London. p. 56.
- ^ Haberman 2020, p. 41.
- ^ Barz, Richard (2018). "Vallabha". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
- ^ The Hare Krishnas in India — Page 46 Charles R. Brooks – 1992 “Some writers would even give Madhavendra Puri credit for initiating the movement which Chaitanya would eventually inspire”
- ^ Kennedy, M.T. (1925). The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of Vaishnavism of Bengal. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa — Mukherjee Prabhat 65 “Madhavendra puri is preceptor of Chaitanya Mahaprabhus guru”
- ^ Hare Krsna Movement: The Unifying Force of the Hindu Religion, Haripada Adhikary – 1995 Page 116
- ^ Mukherjee, P. (1940). The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. R. Chatterjee. ISBN 81-206-0229-3.p. 66