Macrobdella decora, also known as the North American medicinal leech, is a species of freshwater leech. It is found in much of eastern North America in freshwater habitats, although there is one disjunct population in northern Mexico. M. decora is both a parasite of vertebrates, including humans, and an aquatic predator of eggs, larvae, and other invertebrates.
| Macrobdella decora | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Clade: | Sedentaria |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Arhynchobdellida |
| Family: | Macrobdellidae |
| Genus: | Macrobdella |
| Species: | M. decora
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| Binomial name | |
| Macrobdella decora (Say, 1824)
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| Synonyms | |
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Macrobdella decora is a medium-sized leech with a spotted greenish-brown back and a reddish underbelly. It has ten ocelli, or simple eyes, arranged in a horseshoe shape and three long jaws. Internally, a pharynx takes up a tenth of its digestive tract; a stomach, the majority of its body length. The stomach connects to an intestine, followed by a colon, a rectum, and finally an anus located on the leech's back. M. decora, like all leeches, is hermaphrodite, and has ten testisacs and two ovisacs, in addition to male and female gonopores.
First described by Thomas Say in 1824, the species is now placed in the genus Macrobdella. Its sister taxon is believed to be the species Macrobdella diplotertia.
Description
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General appearance
editMacrobdella decora is a medium-sized leech, growing between 5 and 8.5 cm (2.0 and 3.3 in) long, and weighing from 1.48 to 3.69 grams (0.052 to 0.130 oz).[1]: 67 [2]: 155 It has a dark green, brown or olive-green back with a line of 20 or so small orange or red dots down the middle, and two corresponding sets of black dots on its sides. Its underbelly is reddish with black spots dispersed irregularly across it.[1]: 67 [3][4][5]: 160 Its back is rounded but its belly is flattened.[5]: 160 [6]: 230 All leeches have 32 segments, but they are also covered with annuli; the body of M. decora has between 90 and 94 annuli total.[7]
Head
editThe head of M. decora is rounded and has ten ocelli on the front of its body: one pair between segments two and three; a second pair on segment three; a third on four; a fourth on six; and a fifth and final pair on segment nine.[8]: 138 They are arranged in the shape of a horseshoe.[5]: 160 [6] A jawed leech, Macrobdella decora has three long jaws which are semicircular and laterally compressed, each with one row of about sixty-five teeth.[6][9]
Internal anatomy
editM. decora has a large muscular pharynx which accounts for the first tenth or so of the leech's digestive tract. The stomach, a large pouch composed of smaller sacs, is not nearly as muscular as the pharynx, but it occupies about five sixths of the leech's whole body and is subdivided into eleven chambers. The intestine extends from behind the stomach and narrows towards the anus. The last part of the intestine is the colon, followed finally by a small rectum.[5]: 163–5 The anus is located on the leech's back, above of its circular acetabulum.[6]
Reproductive anatomy
editAll leeches are hermaphrodites whose male reproductive organs mature first and the female ones later.[10] M. decora has ten pairs of testisacs located from segments thirteen to twenty-three, with large much compact and much-coiled epididymes, and crescent-shaped or globular ovisacs which are located in the thirteenth segment. A 2023 paper described the leech's oviducts as "thin" and "torturously folded".[2]: 155 [9]: 510 The male and female gonopores are usually separated by five annuli, or external rings.[1]: 67 The male one, when withdrawn, appears as nothing more than a hole in between segments eleven and twelve; however, when the male gonopore and its surrounding parts are everted, they appear as a small cone, with the organ at the tip and having deeply furrowed sides. The leech's four copulatory glands are arrayed in a square in an area of rough skin on segments thirteen and fourteen.[9]: 509
Ecology
editDistribution
editThe most widely distributed Macrobdella species, M. decora is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains in southern Canada and the neighbouring United States. There is, however, one isolated population in Mexico, in the state of Nuevo León.[11]: 587 Leeches of the species have been found as far west as (from north to south): Alberta, North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and New Mexico.[12]: 11
Habitat and conservation
editMacrobdella decora is a freshwater species that is found in still or slow-moving water bodies such as streams, temporary ponds, ditches, and wetlands.[1][13][14] In Ontario, NatureServe lists the species as "Secure".[15]
Diet
editMacrobdella decora is both parasitic and predaceous. It sucks the blood of many vertebrates, using its teeth to pierce the host's skin, including humans but also amphbians, fish, turtles, wading birds, and cattle. It also hunts voraciously, and eats oligochaete worms, snails, amphibian eggs, the larvae of insects, and even other individuals of its own species. In the spring, the leech's aggressive predation of American toad eggs may lead to up to 80% mortality.[1]: 67–8
Interactions with humans
editMacrobdella decora does parasitize humans and is often found by people swimming in Canada and the northern United States. Sometimes swimming areas have had to be restricted or even closed due to the leech's presence.[1]: 67
Reproduction and life cycle
editThe leeches engorge themselves with blood before mating. One or two months after feeding, the leeches produce spongy cocoons, which are pale yellow and elliptical in shape. About another month later, the young, only 20 to 22 millimetres (0.79 to 0.87 in) long, emerge.[1]: 68
Classification
edit| Cladogram illustrating species closely related to M. decora | |||||||||||||||
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Macrobdella decora was originally placed in the genus Hirudo by Thomas Say, who described it in 1824 in an appendix to a book about an expedition up the Minnesota River.[3] When Addison Emery Verrill erected the genus Macrobdella in 1872, he transferred Say's species into his new genus Macrobdella.[8] A common name for the species is the North American medicinal leech.[16]
Phylogeny
editMacrobdella decora is the sister taxon to Macrobdella diplotertia; the genus Macrobdella is believed to be a monophyletic grouping. Macrobdella ditreta was previously believed to be sister to the decora / diplotertia clade, but a new species, Macrobdella mimicus was discovered in 2023 and placed as the sister taxon to said clade.[11]: 587 [17]: 563
See also
edit
Media related to Macrobdella decora at Wikimedia Commons
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Sawyer, Roy T. (1972). "North American freshwater leeches, exclusive of the Piscicolidae, with a key to all species". Illinois Biological Monographs. 46. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.53881. hdl:2142/27340. ISBN 0-252-00214-8. OCLC 304005. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ a b Phillips, Anna J.; Goetz, Freya E. (2023). "Comparative reproductive morphology of two species of Macrobdella (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Macrobdellidae)". Zoomorphology. 142 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1007/s00435-023-00596-6. ISSN 0720-213X.
- ^ a b Keating, William Hypolitus; Keating, William Hypolitus; Long, Stephen H.; Schweinitz, Lewis David von (1824). Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's river, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c., performed in the year 1823, ... under the command of Stephen H. Long. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: H. C. Carey & I. Lea. p. 268.
- ^ Govedich, Fredric R.; Bain, Bonnie A.; et al. (2001). "Annelida (Clitellata): Oligochaeta, Branchiobdellida, Hirudinida, and Acanthobdellida". Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-690647-9.
- ^ a b c d Brooks, William Keith (1882). Handbook of invertebrate zoology. For laboratories and seaside work. Boston: S. E. Cassino.
- ^ a b c d Leidy, Joseph (1868). "Notice of some American Leeches". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol. 20. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. p. 230. Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
- ^ Kuo, Dian-Han; Lai, Yi-Te (4 November 2018). "On the origin of leeches by evolution of development". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 61 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1111/dgd.12573. PMID 30393850. S2CID 53218704.
and a fixed number (32) of segments
- ^ a b Verrill, A. E.; Silliman, Benjamin (1872). Dana, James D.; Silliman, Benjamin (eds.). "Brief Contributions to Zoölogy from the Museum of Yale College. No. XVII.—Descriptions of North American fresh-water Leeches". The American Journal of Science and Arts. ser.3:v.3=no.13-18 (1872). New-Haven: S. Converse. Archived from the original on 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ a b c Moore, J. Percy (Feb 1901). "The Hirudinea of Illinois". Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 5. Archived from the original on 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
- ^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th Edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 477–8. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
- ^ a b Phillips, Anna J.; Salas-Montiel, Ricardo; Kvist, Sebastian; Oceguera-Figueroa, Alejandro (2019-08-15). "Phylogenetic Position and Description of a New Species of Medicinal Leech from the Eastern United States". Journal of Parasitology. 105 (4): 587–597. doi:10.1645/18-119. ISSN 0022-3395. PMID 31414949.
- ^ Kennedy, Nat; Kvist, Sebastian; Oceguera-Figueroa, Alejandro; Phillips, Anna J.; Stacey, Donald F.; de Carle, Danielle (2024-09-03). "A phylogeographic analysis of the North American medicinal leech, Macrobdella decora (Say, 1824)". Zoologica Scripta. doi:10.1111/zsc.12692. ISSN 0300-3256.
- ^ Garcia de Jesus, Erin I. "This Smithsonian Scientist is on a Mission to Make Leeches Less Scary". www.smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 2024-11-30. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ "Freshwater leech (Macrobdella decora) – Lloyd Center for the Environment, Dartmouth MA". Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ NatureServe. "Macrobdella decora". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia.
- ^ McClure, Emily Ann; Nelson, Michael C.; Lin, Amy; Graf, Joerg (2021-04-27). Johnson, Karyn N. (ed.). "Macrobdella decora : Old World Leech Gut Microbial Community Structure Conserved in a New World Leech". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 87 (10). Bibcode:2021ApEnM..87E2082M. doi:10.1128/AEM.02082-20. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 8117757. PMID 33674439.
- ^ Phillips, Anna J.; Siddall, Mark E. (2005). "Phylogeny of the New World medicinal leech family Macrobdellidae (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida)". Zoologica Scripta. 34 (6): 559–564. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00210.x. ISSN 0300-3256.