Macolor macularis, the midnight snapper, midnight seaperch or black and white snapper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is native to the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.[2]
| Macolor macularis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Lutjanidae |
| Genus: | Macolor |
| Species: | M. macularis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Macolor macularis Fowler, 1931
| |
Taxonomy
editMacolor macularis was first formally described in 1931 by the American ichthyologist Henry Weed Fowler with the type locality given as near Ragay Gulf on Luzon.[3][4] The specific name macularis means “spotted”, presumed to be a reference to the description stating “most every scale with gray or blue spot”.[5]
Description
edit
Macolor macularis has a moderately deep body with a rather convex forehead with a large mouth. The preoperculum has a deep incision on its lower margin. There is a row of conical teeth in the jaws, the ones in the front are enlarged and there are bands of bristle-like teeth on sides of upper jaw and front of lower jaw inside the outer row. The vomerine teeth are arranged in a roughly chevron shaped patch.[6] The dorsal fin has 10 spines and 13-14 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 10soft rays.[2] The rear tips of the dorsal and anal fins clearly pointed. The long pectoral fins extend as far as the level of the anus and has 17 or 18 fin rays. The caudal fin is emarginate. The smaller juveniles, those with a standard length of around 20 cm (7.9 in) or less have very elongated pelvic fins.[6] This species attains a maximum total length of 60 cm (24 in). The overall colour of adults is dark grey brown on the upper body shading to yellow on head and lower body. There are thin blue lines and small spots on the head. The scales on the body have blue lines or dashes. The juveniles have a piebald pattern of black and white including five white spots on the back. Subadult are similar to juveniles but with many more white spots on the back and small white spots in the other black areas. The smaller adults show traces of the juvenile patterning.[2]
Distribution and habitat
editMacolor macularis has a wide Indo-West Pacific range which is not well known because of confusion with Macolor niger.[2] It has been found in the Chagos Islands and the Maldives and southwestern India. In the Pacific it is found from the Andaman Sea and Sumatra east to Samoa and the Phoenix Islands, north to Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands of southern Japan and south to Australia.[1] In Australian waters this species is found from the offshore reefs in northern Western Australia, the Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea in the Northern Territory, and the Great Barrier Reef of Queensland. It also occurs around the reefs of the Coral Sea and at Christmas Island.[7] The adults occur over steep slopes of lagoon, channel, or seaward reefs, they are commonly found on deep reef slopes. Juveniles live solitarily on sheltered reef slopes with crinoids, in staghorn coral or large sponges.[2]
Biology
editMacolor macularis is a nocturnal predatory species which feeds on larger zooplankton, fishes and crustaceans.[7] It can be found as a solitary fish or in schools, sometimes in mixed schools with M. niger.[1] It is a long lived fish with many attaining ages of 40–50 years, the oldest was a fish from Rowley Shoals in Western Australia which was known to be 81 years old.[7]
Fisheries
editMacolor macularis is often recorded in fish markets, largely as fresh fish. Fishers catch them using handlines, gill nets, traps and by spearfishing.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b c Russell, B.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Lawrence, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; Myers, R. (2016). "Macolor macularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T194348A2318123. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T194348A2318123.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Macolor macularis". FishBase. November 2015 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Macolor". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ H.W. Fowler (1931). "Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. The fishes of the families Pseudochromidae ... and Teraponidae, collected by ... steamer "Albatross," chiefly in Philippine seas and adjacent waters". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 11 (100): 1–388. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (5 January 2021). "Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Gerald R. Allen (1985). FAO species catalogue Vol.6. Snappers of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date (PDF). FAO Rome. pp. 126–127. ISBN 92-5-102321-2. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Bray, D.J. (2020). "Macolor macularis". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
External links
edit- Photos of Macolor macularis on Sealife Collection
Media related to Macolor macularis at Wikimedia Commons