Lobo (fem. Loba) (Spanish for "wolf") is a racial category for a mixed-race person used in Mexican paintings illustrating the caste (casta) system in 17th- and 18th-century Spanish America.
Definitions
editLobo does not have a fixed meaning, with possible parents being a black man and an Indian woman, a Cambujo (African/Amerindian) and an Indian woman, a Torna atrás and an Indian woman, a Mestizo and an Indian woman, or a Salta atrás (of African/European ancestry) and a Mulatto woman.[1]
Lobo was a classification used in official colonial documentation, including the Inquisition trials, marriage registers and censuses.[2] One example of a Loba is a mixed-race woman who came before the Mexican Inquisition; she had been given multiple racial labels. She was publicly known as a China, was known to be a parda (a brown-skinned person), who "looked like a loba", suggesting she had visible African features.[3]
There were regional differences in colonial Mexico for racial labeling. For instance, in Xichú and Casas Viejas, in the Bajío region near Querétaro and the Sierra Gorda mountains, where there were resident indigenous populations, as well as blacks and mulattos, locally the people used lobos as a "normative category".[4]
In his examination of marriage patterns from marital registers, Vinson found no records of lobos marrying each other; brides and grooms thus classified chose partners from other racial categories.[5]
In eighteenth-century casta paintings, lobos are usually shown doing physical work and not lavishly dressed, indicating lower class status. In Joaquín Antonio de Basarás's Origen, costumbres, y estado presente de mexicanos y philipinos (1763), the lobo father is a water carrier, while his Indian wife sells chickens.[6] An early 18th-century set of casta paintings shows the Lobo as the offspring of a Black father and Indigenous mother; in the same set, a Lobo father and an India mother have a dark-skinned child labeled a Lobo Torna atrás, meaning the child more closely resembled the Black father.[7]
| Ignacio María Barreda (1777)[8] | Anonymous (late 18th c?)[9] |
|
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ García Saiz, Maria Conception. Las Castas Mexicanas: Un Género Pictórico Americano. Milan: Olivetti 1989, pp. 28-29.
- ^ Katzew, Ilona. Casta Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004, p. 44.
- ^ quoted in Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, pp. 64-65
- ^ Vinson, Before Mestizaje, pp. 98-99.
- ^ Vinson, Before Mestizaje, p. 128
- ^ Katzew, Casta Painting, pp. 186-87, illustration 248.
- ^ García Saiz, ‘’Las Castas Mexicanas’’, pp. 58, 59.
- ^ García Sáiz, María Concepción. Las Castas Mexicanas. Olivetti 1989, 140-41
- ^ García Sáiz, María Concepción. Las Castas Mexicanas. Olivetti 1989, 180-81
Further reading
edit- García Saiz, Maria Conception. Las Castas Mexicanas: Un Género Pictórico Americano. Milan: Olivetti 1989.
- Katzew, Ilona. Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.
- Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018