Listeria ivanovii is a species of bacteria in the genus Listeria. The listeria are rod-shaped bacteria, do not produce spores, and become positively stained when subjected to Gram staining.[1] Of the six bacteria species within the genus, L. ivanovii is one of the two pathogenic species (the other being L. monocytogenes).[2] In 1955 Bulgaria, the first known isolation of this species was found from sheep.[3] It behaves like L. monocytogenes, but is found almost exclusively in ruminants (mainly sheep).[4] The species is named in honor of Bulgarian microbiologist Ivan Ivanov.[5] This species is facultatively anaerobic, which makes it possible for it to go through fermentation when there is oxygen depletion.[6]
| Listeria ivanovii | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Caryophanales |
| Family: | Listeriaceae |
| Genus: | Listeria |
| Species: | L. ivanovii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Listeria ivanovii Seeliger et al. 1984
| |
Table
editMorphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Listeria ivanovii are shown in the Table below.
| Test type | Test | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Colony characters | Size | Small |
| Type | Round | |
| Color | Bluish grey | |
| Shape | Smooth | |
| Morphological characters | Shape | Rod |
| Physiological characters | Motility | + |
| Blood agar | ß-hemolytic | |
| Growth at 6.5% NaCl | + | |
| Biochemical characters | Gram staining | + |
| Oxidase | - | |
| Catalase | + | |
| Oxidative-Fermentative | Fermentative | |
| Motility | + | |
| Methyl Red | + | |
| Voges-Proskauer | + | |
| Indole | - | |
| H2S Production | - | |
| Urease | + | |
| Nitrate reductase | - | |
| β-Galactosidase | + | |
| Hydrolysis of | Gelatin | - |
| Casein | - | |
| Utilization of | Glycerol | + |
| Galactose | - | |
| D-Glucose | + | |
| D-Fructose | + | |
| D-Mannose | - | |
| Mannitol | - |
Note: + = Positive, - = Negative[7]
L. Ivanovii conony characteristics are observed on nutrient agar plates or slants.
Distinction
editListeria ivanovii can be distinguished from L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species by culturing it on sheep or horse blood agar, which will produce a wide, clear or double zone of haemolysis, producing a so-called positive Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen (CAMP) reaction with Rhodococcus equi but not with haemolytic Staphylococcus aureus.[8] L. ivanovii's unique feature compared to most species in this genus is that it can ferment D-ribose.[9]
The bacteria doesn't produce CO2 for the Oxidase test. The Nitrate reductase test results in Nitrate not reducing to Nitrite, so it reduces to something other than this. Gelatin doesn't liquify/hydrolyzed, which would prove if the bacteria produces gelatinases. On a blood agar containing sheep or horse blood, the agar shows ß-hemolytic.[10]
Pathology
editInfection with L. ivanovii can lead to septicemic disease with enteritis, neonatal sepsis and even abortion.[11] Pregnant ruminants are therefore most at risk. The infection multiplies in the liver and is known to spread to macrophages as well as non-phagocytic cells.[12] Listeria ivanovii can be found in the soil, water, feces, and several different types of food. Animals can get infected due to eating decomposed plants and feces from other infected animals.[1]
Although L. ivanovii is most typically found in sheep, it can be passed to humans via food such as fresh cheese.[13] Until 2010, this bacteria was thought to only infect ruminants (sheep), and its sister bacteria Listeria monocytogenes was blamed for infection of humans.[4] A human infection because of L. ivanovii is rare, but serious. This bacteria infection is serious because L. ivanovii can continue to grow on foods in refrigerated conditions. If a person were to contract an infection from this bacteria, they would begin to develop mild flu-like symptoms that could potentially turn into more serious conditions such as sepsis,[14] meningitis, encephalitis, and intrauterine infections (an infection of the womb that can cause abortions).[13] The best way to avoid this infection, especially for those at risk (elderly, weakened immune systems, and pregnant women) maintain a clean kitchen and to avoid foods such as unpasteurized milk, cheese made from unpasteurized milk, and raw fish.[15]
Testing for the presence of this bacteria is often determined by testing fecal material.[16]
L. ivanovii can have transformation in a research setting using electrotransformation with a plasmid that uses ActA protein. The ActA protein is used, so that the recombinant plasmid can code the N-terminus region of the protein.[17] To perform this, a buffer must be used in order for electrotransformation to be performed with L. ivanovii.
Human infection
editIn January 2007, a 55-year-old man was hospitalized in Paris, France. After examination he was thought to have listeriosis. Both blood and stool samples were taken. L. ivanovii was identified, thus characterizing the species as an enteric opportunistic human pathogen.[4] As L. ivanovii is usually only found in ruminants and human infection is extremely rare, this infection can be seen as a form of zoonosis.
Treatment
editIf diagnosed early, antibiotics can be effective. Antibiotics effective against Listeria species include ampicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Early diagnosis is uncommon because infection is not usually accompanied by symptoms.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b Vázquez-Boland JA, Kuhn M, Berche P, Chakraborty T, Domínguez-Bernal G, Goebel W, et al. (July 2001). "Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14 (3): 584–640. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.3.584-640.2001. PMC 88991. PMID 11432815.
- ^ Pallen MJ, Wren BW (October 2007). "Bacterial pathogenomics". Nature. 449 (7164): 835–842. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..835P. doi:10.1038/nature06248. PMID 17943120. S2CID 4313623.
- ^ Vázquez-Boland JA, Kuhn M, Berche P, Chakraborty T, Domínguez-Bernal G, Goebel W, et al. (July 2001). "Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14 (3): 584–640. doi:10.1128/cmr.14.3.584-640.2001. PMC 88991. PMID 11432815.
- ^ a b c Guillet C, Join-Lambert O, Le Monnier A, Leclercq A, Mechaï F, Mamzer-Bruneel MF, et al. (January 2010). "Human listeriosis caused by Listeria ivanovii". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 136–138. doi:10.3201/eid1601.091155. PMC 2874378. PMID 20031061.
- ^ Seeliger HP, Rocourt J, Schrettenbrunner A, Grimont PA, Jones D (1984). "Listeria ivanovii sp. nov" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 34 (3): 336–337. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-3-336.
- ^ "VetBact". www.vetbact.org. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ Orsi, Renato H.; Wiedmann, Martin (2016). "Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 100 (12): 5273–5287. doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7552-2. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 4875933. PMID 27129530.
- ^ Liu D (June 2006). "Identification, subtyping and virulence determination of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 55 (Pt 6): 645–659. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46495-0. PMID 16687581.
- ^ Orsi RH, Wiedmann M (June 2016). "Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 100 (12): 5273–5287. doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7552-2. PMC 4875933. PMID 27129530.
- ^ SEELIGER, HEINZ P. R.; ROCOURT, JOCELYNE; SCHRETTENBRUNNER, ANGELIKA; GRIMONT, PATRICK A. D.; JONES, DOROTHYYR 1984 (1984). "Notes: Listeria ivanovii sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 34 (3): 336–337. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-3-336. ISSN 1466-5034.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Engelbrecht F, Domínguez-Bernal G, Hess J, Dickneite C, Greiffenberg L, Lampidis R, et al. (October 1998). "A novel PrfA-regulated chromosomal locus, which is specific for Listeria ivanovii, encodes two small, secreted internalins and contributes to virulence in mice". Molecular Microbiology. 30 (2): 405–417. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01076.x. PMID 9791184. S2CID 12534549.
- ^ Domínguez-Bernal G, Müller-Altrock S, González-Zorn B, Scortti M, Herrmann P, Monzó HJ, et al. (January 2006). "A spontaneous genomic deletion in Listeria ivanovii identifies LIPI-2, a species-specific pathogenicity island encoding sphingomyelinase and numerous internalins". Molecular Microbiology. 59 (2): 415–432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04955.x. PMID 16390439. S2CID 40789011.
- ^ a b Batt CA (January 2014), "LISTERIA | Listeria monocytogenes", in Batt CA, Tortorello ML (eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 490–493, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384730-0.00191-9, ISBN 978-0-12-384733-1
- ^ "Sepsis". Cleveland Clinic.
- ^ "Listeria (Listeriosis)". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 24 January 2022.
- ^ Cao X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Luo L, Wang P, et al. (January 2019). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Listeria ivanovii Strains in Wild Rodents in China". Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 19 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2317. PMID 30570448. S2CID 58603030.
- ^ Kreft, Jürgen; Dumbsky, Martina; Theiss, Stephanie (1995-02-01). "The actin-polymerization protein from Listeria ivanovii is a large repeat protein which shows only limited amino acid sequence homology to ActA from Listeria monocytogenes". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 126 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07403.x. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 7705602.
- ^ Temple ME, Nahata MC (May 2000). "Treatment of listeriosis". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 34 (5): 656–661. doi:10.1345/aph.19315. PMID 10852095. S2CID 11352292.
External links
edit- Listeria ivanovii on the MicrobeWiki of Kenyon Biology part of Kenyon College
- Listeria in the textbook of bacteriology on the Department of Bacteriology of the University of Wisconsin–Madison website
- Type strain of Listeria ivanovii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase