Wikipedia

List of viverrids

Viverridae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, composed mainly of the civets and genets. A member of this family is called a viverrid. They are widespread primarily throughout Africa, India, and southeast Asia, and are found primarily in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, though some species can be found in savannas or wetlands. Most viverrids are 40 to 65 cm (16 to 26 in) long, plus a 35 to 60 cm (14 to 24 in) tail, though the West African oyan can be as small as 30 cm (12 in) plus a 35 cm (14 in) tail, and some binturongs can be up to 96 cm (38 in) plus a 89 cm (35 in) tail. Most species do not have population estimates, though three viverrids are classified as endangered, and one, the Malabar large-spotted civet, is classified as critically endangered with a population size of around 200. No viverrid species have been domesticated.

Four viverrid species (clockwise from top left): the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), the common genet (Genetta genetta), the binturong (Arctictis binturong), and the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)

The thirty-three species of Viverridae are split into fourteen genera within four subfamilies: the three civet subfamilies Viverrinae, Hemigalinae, and Paradoxurinae, and the genet subfamily Genettinae. A fifth subfamily, Prionodontinae, was previously included in Viverridae, while the species in Genettinae were considered part of Viverrinae, but more recent genetic evidence resulted in the consensus to separate Prionodontinae into its own family and split out Genettinae into its own subfamily. Extinct species have also been placed into Viverrinae, as well as the extinct subfamily Lophocyoninae, though most extinct species have not been categorized into a subfamily. Nearly twenty extinct Viverridae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (3 species)
 VU Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT Near threatened (3 species)
 LC Least concern (18 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (2 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the viverrid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

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The family Viverridae consists of 33 extant species belonging to 14 genera in 4 subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Viverridae  

Viverrids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. This includes the promotion of the Prionodontinae subfamily into its own family, and the moving of the Poiana and Genetta genera out of the Viverrinae subfamily into their own Genettinae subfamily. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as splitting the golden palm civet into three species or adding three additional species to Genetta, which are not included here.[1][2]

Subfamily Genettinae

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Main article: Genettinae
Genus Genetta – Cuvier, 1816 – fourteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Abyssinian genet

 

G. abyssinica
(Rüppell, 1836) 		Northeast Africa
  		Size: 40–43 cm (16–17 in) long, plus 38–41 cm (15–16 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[4]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, birds, and seeds, as well as insects and fruit[4][5] 		 DD 


Unknown  [4]

Angolan genet

 

G. angolensis
Bocage, 1882 		Scattered south-central Africa
  		Size: 44–48 cm (17–19 in) long, plus 38–43 cm (15–17 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Savanna[6]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat insects, as well as fruit[6][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [6]

Aquatic genet

 

G. piscivora
(Allen, 1919) 		Central Africa
  		Size: 44–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 34–42 cm (13–17 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[7]

Diet: Primarily eats fish[7] 		 NT 


10,000  [7]

Bourlon's genet


G. bourloni
Gaubert, 2003 		West Africa
  		Size: 49–50 cm (19–20 in) long, plus 40–42 cm (16–17 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Unknown[8][5] 		 VU 


9,800  [8]

Cape genet

 

G. tigrina
(Schreber, 1776)

Two subspecies
  • G. t. methi
  • G. t. tigrina
South Africa Size: 42–58 cm (17–23 in) long, plus 38–46 cm (15–18 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[9]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats insects and small mammals[9][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [9]

Common genet

 

G. genetta
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • G. g. afra
  • G. g. dongolana
  • G. g. felina
  • G. g. genetta
  • G. g. senegalensis
Bands of north, central, and south Africa and parts of Arabian peninsula (green), introduced in southwest Europe (red), formerly introduced in Nile river area (black)
  		Size: 46–52 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 42–52 cm (17–20 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and rocky areas[10]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, as well as birds, other small vertebrates, insects, and fruit[10] 		 LC 


Unknown  [10]

Crested servaline genet

 

G. cristata
Hayman, 1940 		Northwest Africa
  		Size: 49–63 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest[11]

Diet: Primarily eats insects, as well as small mammals, reptiles, and vegetables[11][5] 		 VU 


7,000  [11]

Giant forest genet

 

G. victoriae
Thomas, 1902 		Central Africa
  		Size: 55–60 cm (22–24 in) long, plus 41–49 cm (16–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, as well as rodents, birds, and insects[12][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [12]

Hausa genet

 

G. thierryi
Matschie, 1902 		West Africa
  		Size: 44–45 cm (17–18 in) long, plus 40–43 cm (16–17 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[13]

Diet: Unknown[13][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [13]

Johnston's genet


G. johnstoni
Pocock, 1908 		Northwest Africa
  		Size: 47–52 cm (19–20 in) long, plus 46–50 cm (18–20 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[14]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat insects[14][5] 		 NT 


Unknown  [14]

King genet


G. poensis
Waterhouse, 1838 		Scattered parts of west Africa
  		Size: 42–68 cm (17–27 in) long, plus 35–47 cm (14–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[15]

Diet: Unknown; believed to eat mammals and fruit[15] 		 DD 


Unknown  [15]

Pardine genet

 

G. pardina
Geoffroy, 1832 		Northwest Africa
  		Size: 41–56 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 39–45 cm (15–18 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[16]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as insects, fruit, birds, and other small mammals[16][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [16]

Rusty-spotted genet

 

G. maculata
(Gray, 1830) 		Central and south Africa
  		Size: 41–53 cm (16–21 in) long, plus 39–54 cm (15–21 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[17]

Diet: Primarily eats invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, small birds, eggs, and small mammals, as well as fruit, seeds, and berries[17][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [17]

Servaline genet

 

G. servalina
Pucheran, 1855

Five subspecies
 Central africa
  		Size: 44–51 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 36–49 cm (14–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[18]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals and insects, as well as snakes, birds, and fruit[18][5] 		 LC 


Unknown  [18]

Genus Poiana – Gray, 1865 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Central African oyan

 

P. richardsonii
(Thomson, 1842)

Two subspecies
  • P. r. ochracea
  • P. r. richardsonii
Central Africa
  		Size: 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Believed to eat small vertebrates and invertebrates[20][3] 		 LC 


Unknown  [20]

West African oyan


P. leightoni
Pocock, 1908 		West Africa
  		Size: 30–38 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Believed to eat small vertebrates and invertebrates[21][3] 		 VU 


6,700-10,000  [21]

Subfamily Hemigalinae

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Main article: Hemigalinae
Genus Chrotogale – Thomas, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Owston's palm civet

 

C. owstoni
Thomas, 1912 		Southeast Asia around Vietnam
  		Size: 51–63 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 38–48 cm (15–19 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[23]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat earthworms and other invertebrates[23] 		 EN 


Unknown  [23]

Genus Cynogale – Gray, 1837 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Otter civet

 

C. bennettii
(Gray, 1837)

Two subspecies
  • C. b. bennettii
  • C. b. lowei
Southeast Asia
  		Size: 57–68 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[24]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, crabs, molluscs, small mammals, and birds[24] 		 EN 


2,500  [24]

Genus Diplogale – Thomas, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hose's palm civet

 

D. hosei
Thomas, 1892 		Borneo in Southeast Asia
  		Size: 47–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 29–34 cm (11–13 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Forest[26]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat small fish, shrimp, crabs, and frogs as well as insects[26] 		 VU 


9,500  [26]

Genus Hemigalus – Jourdan, 1837 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Banded palm civet

 

H. derbyanus
(Gray, 1837)

Four subspecies
  • H. d. boiei
  • H. d. derbyanus
  • H. d. minor
  • H. d. sipora
Southeast Asia
  		Size: 45–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 25–36 cm (10–14 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Primarily eats insects[27] 		 NT 


Unknown  [27]

Subfamily Paradoxurinae

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Main article: Paradoxurinae
Genus Arctictis – Temminck, 1824 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Binturong

 

A. binturong
(Raffles, 1821)

Six subspecies
  • A. b. albifrons
  • A. b. binturong
  • A. b. kerkhoveni
  • A. b. menglaensis
  • A. b. penicillatus
  • A. b. whitei (Palawan binturong)
Southeast Asia
  		Size: 61–96 cm (24–38 in) long, plus 56–89 cm (22–35 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit[29] 		 VU 


Unknown  [29]

Genus Arctogalidia – Merriam, 1897 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Small-toothed palm civet

 

A. trivirgata
(Gray, 1832)

Fourteen subspecies
  • A. t. bancana
  • A. t. fusca
  • A. t. inornata
  • A. t. leucotis
  • A. t. macra
  • A. t. major
  • A. t. millsi
  • A. t. minor
  • A. t. simplex
  • A. t. stigmaticus
  • A. t. sumatrana
  • A. t. tingia
  • A. t. trilineata
  • A. t. trivirgata
Southeast Asia
  		Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 48–66 cm (19–26 in) tail[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[31] 		 LC 


Unknown  [31]

Genus Macrogalidia – Schwarz, 1910 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Sulawesi palm civet

 

M. musschenbroekii
(Schlegel, 1877) 		Sulawesi island in Southeast Asia
  		Size: 65–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 44–54 cm (17–21 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[32]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and palm fruit, as well as other small mammals, birds, fruit, and grass[32] 		 VU 


9,000  [32]

Genus Paguma – Gray, 1831 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Masked palm civet

 

P. larvata
(H. Smith, 1827)

Sixteen subspecies
  • P. l. chichingensis
  • P. l. grayi
  • P. l. hainana
  • P. l. intrudens
  • P. l. janetta
  • P. l. jourdanii
  • P. l. lanigera
  • P. l. larvata
  • P. l. leucomystax
  • P. l. neglecta
  • P. l. nigriceps
  • P. l. ogilbyi
  • P. l. robusta
  • P. l. taivana
  • P. l. tytlerii
  • P. l. wroughtoni
East and southeast Asia
  		Size: 50–76 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 50–64 cm (20–25 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[34]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[34] 		 LC 


Unknown  [34]

Genus Paradoxurus – F. Cuvier, 1821 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Asian palm civet

 

P. hermaphroditus
(Pallas, 1777)

30 subspecies
  • P. h. balicus
  • P. h. bondar
  • P. h. canescens
  • P. h. canus
  • P. h. cochinensis
  • P. h. dongfangensis
  • P. h. enganus
  • P. h. exitus
  • P. h. hermaphroditus
  • P. h. javanica
  • P. h. kangeanus
  • P. h. laotum
  • P. h. lignicolor
  • P. h. milleri
  • P. h. minor
  • P. h. musanga
  • P. h. nictitans
  • P. h. pallasii
  • P. h. pallens
  • P. h. parvus
  • P. h. philippinensis
  • P. h. pugnax
  • P. h. pulcher
  • P. h. sacer
  • P. h. scindiae
  • P. h. senex
  • P. h. setosus
  • P. h. simplex
  • P. h. sumbanus
  • P. h. vellerosus
South and southeast Asia (green), introduced (red)
  		Size: 47–57 cm (19–22 in) long, plus 47–56 cm (19–22 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[36]

Diet: Primarily eats rats and fruit, as well as insects and molluscs[36] 		 LC 


Unknown  [36]

Brown palm civet

 

P. jerdoni
Blanford, 1885

Two subspecies
  • P. j. caniscus
  • P. j. jerdoni
Southwest India
  		Size: 43–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 38–53 cm (15–21 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, as well as birds, rodents, and insects[38] 		 LC 


Unknown  [38]

Golden palm civet

 

P. zeylonensis
(Schreber, 1778) 		Sri Lanka
  		Size: 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 43–53 cm (17–21 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[39]

Diet: Primarily eats berries, fruits, and invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates[39] 		 LC 


Unknown  [39]

Subfamily Viverrinae

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Main article: Viverrinae
Genus Civettictis – Pocock, 1915 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African civet

 

C. civetta
(Schreber, 1776)

Six subspecies
  • C. c. australis
  • C. c. civetta
  • C. c. congica
  • C. c. pauli
  • C. c. schwarzi
  • C. c. volkmanni
Central and south Africa
  		Size: 60–92 cm (24–36 in) long, plus 43–61 cm (17–24 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[41]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[41] 		 LC 


Unknown  [41]

Genus Viverra – Linnaeus, 1758 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Large-spotted civet

 

V. megaspila
Blyth, 1862 		Southeast Asia
  		Size: 77–90 cm (30–35 in) long, plus 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[42]

Diet: Primarily eats birds, frogs, snakes, small mammals, eggs, crabs, fish, fruit, and roots[35][42] 		 EN 


Unknown  [42]

Large Indian civet

 

V. zibetha
Linnaeus, 1758

Five subspecies
  • V. z. ashtoni
  • V. z. hainana
  • V. z. picta
  • V. z. pruinosus
  • V. z. zibetha
Southeast Asia
  		Size: 50–95 cm (20–37 in) long, plus 38–59 cm (15–23 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[43]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, birds, lizards, frogs, insects, arthropods, and crabs, as well as poultry and rubbish[43] 		 LC 


Unknown  [43]

Malabar large-spotted civet

 

V. civettina
Blyth, 1862 		Southwest India
  		Size: 76 cm (30 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[45]

Diet: Unknown[45] 		 CR 


200  [45]

Malayan civet

 

V. tangalunga
Gray, 1832

Two subspecies
  • V. t. lankavensis
  • V. t. tangalunga
Southeast Asia
  		Size: 58–95 cm (23–37 in) long, plus 30–49 cm (12–19 in) tail[46]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[47]

Diet: Omnivorous[47] 		 LC 


Unknown  [47]

Genus Viverricula – Hodgson, 1838 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Small Indian civet

 

V. indica
(Desmarest, 1804)

Twelve subspecies
  • V. i. atchinensis
  • V. i. baliensis
  • V. i. baptistae
  • V. i. deserti
  • V. i. indica
  • V. i. klossi
  • V. i. mayori
  • V. i. muriavensis
  • V. i. pallida
  • V. i. schlegelii
  • V. i. thai
  • V. i. wellsi
South and southeast Asia
  		Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 30–43 cm (12–17 in) tail[48]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[49]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, birds, snakes, fruit, roots, carrion, and insects[49] 		 LC 


Unknown  [49]

References

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  1. ^ Groves, C. P.; Rajapaksha, C.; Manemandra-Arachchi, K. (2009). "The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155: 238–251. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00451.x.
  2. ^ Gaubert, P.; Taylor, P. J.; Veron, G. (2005). "Integrative taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the genets (Carnivora, Viverridae, Genetta): a new classification of the most speciose carnivoran genus in Africa" (PDF). In Huber, B. A.; Sinclair, B. J.; Lampe, K. H. (eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Tropical Biology, Museum König, Bonn. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 371–383.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hunter, Luke; Barrett, Priscilla (2020). Field Guide to Carnivores of the World (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 82, 90–96. ISBN 978-1-4729-8267-4.
  4. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Duckworth, J. W.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta abyssinica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8994A45198149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8994A45198149.en.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Van Rompaey, H.; Colyn, M. (2014). Kingdon, J.; Hoffmann, M. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 218–248. ISBN 978-1-4081-8994-8.
  6. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Fischer, C.; Hausser, Y.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta angolensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41696A45218468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41696A45218468.en.
  7. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta piscivora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15628A45201673. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15628A45201673.en.
  8. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Greengrass, E. J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta bourloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136223A45220931. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136223A45220931.en.
  9. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta tigrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41702A45219459. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41702A45219459.en.
  10. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Carvalho, F.; Camps, D.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta genetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41698A45218636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41698A45218636.en.
  11. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T8998A45198406. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8998A45198406.en.
  12. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Dinets, V.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta victoriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41703A45219531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41703A45219531.en.
  13. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta thierryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41701A45219325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41701A45219325.en.
  14. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8997A45198265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8997A45198265.en.
  15. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta poensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136435A45221269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136435A45221269.en.
  16. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta pardina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136437A45221360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136437A45221360.en.
  17. ^ a b c Angelici, F. M.; Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41699A45218948. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41699A45218948.en.
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