Scandentia is an order of small mammals. Members of this order are called scandentians, or treeshrews. They are primarily found in Southeast Asia, with the Madras treeshrew instead in mainland India. They range in size from the Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew, at 11 cm (4 in) plus a 9 cm (4 in) tail, to the striped treeshrew, at 23 cm (9 in) plus a 13 cm (5 in) tail. They generally live in forests, and primarily eat insects and fruit. No population estimates have been made for any scandentian species, though the Nicobar treeshrew is categorized as endangered.
The twenty-three extant species of Scandentia are grouped into two families: Tupaiidae, which contains twenty-two species within three genera, and Ptilocercidae, which contains a single species, the pen-tailed treeshrew. Only a few extinct scandentian species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]
Conventions
edit| Conservation status | |
|---|---|
| EX | Extinct (0 species) |
| EW | Extinct in the wild (0 species) |
| CR | Critically Endangered (0 species) |
| EN | Endangered (1 species) |
| VU | Vulnerable (1 species) |
| NT | Near threatened (0 species) |
| LC | Least concern (15 species) |
| Other categories | |
| DD | Data deficient (6 species) |
| NE | Not evaluated (0 species) |
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the scandentian's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".
Classification
editThe order Scandentia consists of two families: Tupaiidae, which contains twenty-two species within three genera, and Ptilocercidae, which contains a single species. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.
Family Ptilocercidae
- Genus Ptilocercus (pen-tailed treeshrew): one species
Family Tupaiidae
- Genus Anathana (Madras treeshrew): one species
- Genus Dendrogale (smooth-tailed treeshrews): two species
- Genus Tupaia (treeshrews): nineteen species
Scandentians
editThe following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]
Family Ptilocercidae
edit| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pen-tailed treeshrew
|
P. lowii Gray, 1848 Two subspecies
|
Southeast Asia
|
Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 16–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[3] Habitat: Forest[4] Diet: Insects and fruit[3] |
LC
|
Family Tupaiidae
edit| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madras treeshrew
|
A. ellioti (Waterhouse, 1850) |
India
|
Size: 16–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[5] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[6] Diet: Insects, other invertebrates, and fruit[5] |
LC
|
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| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew
|
D. melanura (Thomas, 1892) Two subspecies
|
Northern Borneo
|
Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[7] Habitat: Forest[8] Diet: Fruit and insects[9] |
DD
|
| Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew
|
D. murina (Schlegel, Müller, 1843) |
Mainland Southeast Asia
|
Size: About 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail[10] Habitat: Forest[11] Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small vertebrates[10] |
LC
|
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangka Island treeshrew
|
T. discolor Lyon, 1906 |
Bangka Island, Indonesia | Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Unknown[13] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
DD
|
| Common treeshrew
|
T. glis (Diard, 1820) |
Southeast Asia
|
Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Forest[15] Diet: Insects, other arthropods, and fruit[12] |
LC
|
| Golden-bellied treeshrew
|
T. chrysogaster Miller, 1903 |
Mentawai Islands, Indonesia
|
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[17] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
VU
|
| Horsfield's treeshrew
|
T. javanica Horsfield, 1822 |
Western Indonesia
|
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[18] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
LC
|
| Javan treeshrew
|
T. hypochrysa Thomas, 1895 |
Java, Indonesia | Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Unknown[19] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
DD
|
| Kalimantan treeshrew
|
T. salatana Lyon, 1913 |
Southern Borneo, Indonesia | Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[20] Diet: Termites and ants[20] |
DD
|
| Large treeshrew
|
T. tana Raffles, 1821 Fifteen subspecies
|
Southeast Asia
|
Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[21] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as fruit[22] |
LC
|
| Long-footed treeshrew
|
T. longipes Thomas, 1893 |
Borneo
|
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[23] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
LC
|
| Mindanao treeshrew
|
T. everetti Thomas, 1892 |
Mindanao, Philippines
|
Size: 17–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[24] Habitat: Forest[25] Diet: Small animals, insects, fruit, vegetables, and eggs[24] |
LC
|
| Mountain treeshrew
|
T. montana Thomas, 1892 Two subspecies
|
Northern Borneo
|
Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[26] Habitat: Forest[27] Diet: Omnivorous[28] |
LC
|
| Nicobar treeshrew
|
T. nicobarica (Zelebor, 1869) Two subspecies
|
Nicobar Islands, India
|
Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[29] Habitat: Forest[30] Diet: Insects as well as fruit[14] |
EN
|
| Northern treeshrew
|
T. belangeri (Wagner, 1841) Two subspecies
|
Southeast Asia
|
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[31] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[32] Diet: Insects as well as fruit[31] |
LC
|
| Painted treeshrew
|
T. picta Thomas, 1892 Two subspecies
|
Borneo
|
Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[33] Habitat: Forest[34] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
LC
|
| Palawan treeshrew
|
T. palawanensis Thomas, 1894 |
Palawan, Philippines
|
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[35] Diet: Insects and fruit[28] |
LC
|
| Pygmy treeshrew
|
T. minor Günther, 1876 Four subspecies
|
Southeast Asia
|
Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[36] Habitat: Forest[37] Diet: Small animals, fruit leaves, seeds, and carrion[36] |
LC
|
| Ruddy treeshrew
|
T. splendidula Gray, 1865 Five subspecies
|
Southern Borneo
|
Size: About 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail[33] Habitat: Forest[38] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
LC
|
| Slender treeshrew
|
T. gracilis Thomas, 1893 Three subspecies
|
Borneo and nearby islands
|
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[39] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
LC
|
| Striped treeshrew
|
T. dorsalis Schlegel, 1857 |
Borneo
|
Size: 14–23 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[40] Habitat: Forest[41] Diet: Insects, fruit, seeds, and leaves[40] |
DD
|
| Sumatran treeshrew
|
T. ferruginea Raffles, 1821 |
Sumatra and Tanahbala, Indonesia | Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Unknown[42] Diet: Fruit and insects[14] |
DD
|
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References
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- ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 104–109
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- ^ a b Bora, Suhani (2002). "Anathana ellioti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
- ^ a b Molur, S. (2016). "Anathana ellioti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T39593A22278758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T39593A22278758.en.
- ^ Bernuetz, Madeline (2015). "Dendrogale melanura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
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- ^ Hutchins, Kleiman, Geist, McDade, Trumpey, p. 294
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- ^ a b c d e Francis, p. 48
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Selig, K. R.; Sargis, E. J.; Silcox, M. T. (2019). "The frugivorous insectivores? Functional morphological analysis of molar topography for inferring diet in extant treeshrews (Scandentia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (6): 1901–1917. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz151.
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- ^ a b c d e f g Hubrecht, Kirkwood, eds.; Fuchs, Corbach-Söhle, p. 263
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- ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia javanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41496A22280464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41496A22280464.en.
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- ^ a b c Kennerley, R.; Sargis, E. (2017). "Tupaia salatana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T111871663A111871718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T111871663A111871718.en.
- ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia tana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41501A22279356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41501A22279356.en.
- ^ Miller, Emmeline (2007). "Tupaia tana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
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