This is a list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Many of them were also acclaimed "King of the Britons" or "Prince of Wales".
List of kings or princes of Gwynedd
editHouse of Cunedda
edit- Cunedda (Cunedda the Imperator) (c. 450 – c. 460).[1]
- Einion Yrth ap Cunedda (Einion the Impetuous) (c. 470 – c. 480).[2]
- Owain Danwyn (Owain Whitetooth) ap Einion (Rhos; late 5th century).[3]
- Cuneglasus (Rhos) and St Einion (Llŷn) ap Owain (late 5th and early 6th centuries).[4]
- Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion (Cadwallon Long Hand) (c. 500 – c. 534).[5]
- Maelgwn Gwynedd (c. 520 – c. 547).[6]
- Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn (Rhun the Tall) (c. 547 – c. 580).[7]
- Beli ap Rhun (c. 580 – c. 599).[7]
- Iago ap Beli (c. 599 – c. 616).[8]
- Cadfan ap Iago (c. 616 – c. 625).[9]
- Cadwallon ap Cadfan (c. 625 – 634).[10]
- Cadafael, King of Gwynedd (Cadfael the Battle-Shirker) (634 – c. 655).[11]
- Cadwaladr (Cadwallader the Blessed) (c. 655 – c. 682).[12]
- Idwal Iwrch (Idwal the Roebuck) (c. 682 – c. 720).[13]
- Rhodri Molwynog (Rhodri the Bald and Grey) (c. 720 – c. 754)[14]
- Caradog ap Meirion (c. 754 – c. 798).[15]
- Cynan Dindaethwy (c. 798 – c. 816).[16]
- Hywel ap Caradog (c. 816 – c. 825).[17]
With Hywel's death, all male descendants of Maelgwn Gwynedd have expired. Merfyn the Freckled succeeds through his mother Esyllt, eldest daughter of Cynan Dindaethwy and niece of Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog.
House of Manaw
edit- Merfyn Frych (825–844).[18]
- Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great) (844–878).[19]
House of Aberffraw
editThe warfare among the sons of Rhodri meant that the descendants of Anarawd became considered a separate house – called the House of Aberffraw from their principal seat – from the junior branches in Deheubarth and elsewhere:
- Anarawd ap Rhodri (878–916) (establishes the Aberffraw dynasty, the senior branch of descendants from Rhodri Mawr).[20]
- Idwal Foel ab Anarawd (Idwal the Bald) (916–942).[21]
- Hywel Dda (Howell the Good) (942–950) (descended from the second son of Rhodri Mawr who ruled in Deheubarth, usurps Gwynedd from the Aberffraw line).[22]
- Iago ab Idwal (950–979).[23]
- Ieuaf ab Idwal (950–969).[24]
- Hywel ap Ieuaf (979–985).[25]
- Cadwallon ab Ieuaf (985–986).[25]
House of Dinefwr
edit- Maredudd ab Owain (986–999) House of Dinefwr seizes Gwynedd.[26]
House of Aberffraw
edit- Cynan ap Hywel (999–1005) Returns to the House of Aberffraw briefly.[27]
Usurper
edit- Aeddan ap Blegywryd (1005–1018) (minor commote lord usurps Gwynedd from the Aberffraw dynasty).[28]
House of Rhuddlan
edit- Llywelyn ap Seisyll (1018–1023) (Rhuddlan dynasty in lower Gwynedd usurps from Aeddan ap Blegywryd).[29]
House of Aberffraw
edit- Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig (1023–1039) (Aberffraw dynasty returns).[30]
| Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig r. 1023–1039 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cynan ab Iago d. 1060 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gruffydd ap Cynan 1055-1081-1137 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owain Gwynedd 1100-1137-1170 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd r. 1170 | Iorwerth Drwyndwn 1145–1174 | Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd Prince 1170–1195 | Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd Prince 1170–1173 | Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd Prince 1170–1195 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Llywelyn the Great 1173-1195-1240 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Rhuddlan
edit- Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (1039–1063) (Llywelyn's son Gruffydd usurps from Aberffraw dynasty).[31]
House of Mathrafal
edit- Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) and Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (1063-1070) [co-rulers] (Mathrafal dynasty of Powys "receives" Gwynedd from the English King).[32]
- Trahaearn ap Caradog (1075–1081).[33]
House of Aberffraw
edit- Gruffudd ap Cynan (1081–1137) (House of Aberffraw returns).[34]
- Owain Gwynedd (1137–1170).[35]
- Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd r. 1170; killed by his younger brother Dafydd ab Owain in a conspiracy hatched by his stepmother Cristin, dowager princess of Gwynedd, and her sons Dafydd and Rhodri ab Owain.[36]
- Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (the Usurper) (1170–1195), displaced elder brother Hywel ap Owain Gwynedd, but was himself displaced from Upper Gwynedd c. 1173 ruling only lower Gwynedd until displaced by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth in 1198. England recognized Dafydd as Prince of Gwynedd, though Welsh jurists did not.[37]
- Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1175–1194, 1194–1195), Ruling upper Gwynedd and Ynys Mon until 1194 and then Ynys Mon solely from 1194–1195 until he was ousted by the sons of his brother Cynan.[38]
- Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1173), ruling Ynys Mon and supporter of his elder brother Hywel ap Owain's claim as Prince. After Hywel's death, Maelgwn was able to retain Ynys Mon from Dafydd the Usurper.[39]
Princes of Wales
edit- Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) (1195–1240), first Prince of Wales.[40]
- Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1240–1246).[41]
- Owain Goch ap Gruffydd (Owain the Red) (1246–1255).[42]
- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn the Last) (1246–1282).[43]
- Dafydd ap Gruffydd (1282–1283), pretender.[44]
| Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) 1173-1195-1240 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 1200–1244 | Dafydd ap Llywelyn 1215-1240-1246 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owain Goch ap Gruffydd d. 1282 | Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1223-1246-1282 | Dafydd ap Gruffydd 1238-1282-1283 | Rhodri ap Gruffudd 1230–1315 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gwenllian of Wales 1282–1337 | Llywelyn ap Dafydd 1267-1283-1287 | Owain ap Dafydd 1265-1287-1325 | Tomas ap Rhodri 1300-1325-1363 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owain Lawgoch 1330–1378 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pretenders
edit- Madog ap Llywelyn (1294–1295) (not crowned but claimed the title).[45]
- Owain Lawgoch (Owain Redhand) ap Tomas ap Rhodri (1372–1378), great-nephew of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, in exile but claimed the title.[46]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cunedda Wledig, flourished 450, British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 262.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 594.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 205.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 94.
- ^ Davies, William Hopkin (1959). "Maelgwn Gwynedd, (died c. 547) king of Gwynedd and monk". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ a b Davies, William Hopkin (1959). "Rhun Ap Maelgwn Gwynedd, (fl. 550), ruler of north-west Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 428.
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadfan (fl. 620), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwallon (died 633), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 81.
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwaladr (died 664), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 435.
- ^ "Rhodri Molwynog (died 754), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales..
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 115.
- ^ "Cynan Dindaethwy (died 816) Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ "Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog (died 825), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Merfyn Frych (died 844), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri Mawr ("the Great") (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Anarawd ap Rhodri (died 916), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Idwal Foel ("the Bald"; died 942), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Williams, Stephan Joseph (1959). "Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (died 950), king and legislator". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iago ab Idwal Foel (died 1039), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Ieuaf (or Idwal) ab Idwal Foel (died 985), joint king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ a b Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Hywel ap Ieuaf (died 985), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ "Maerdudd ab Owain ap Hywel Dda (died 999)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 188.
- ^ Bartrum 1993, p. 2.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn Ap Seisyll (died 1023), king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iago ab Idwal Foel (died 1039), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Hudson, Benjamin (1959). "Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ "Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075) Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Trahaern Ap Caradog (died 1081), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Parry, Thomas (1959). "Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055–1137), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100–1170), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Roderick, Arthur James (1959). "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), soldier and poet". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (David I, died 1203), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri ab Owain (died 1195), a prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (died after 1173), prince of Anglesey". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ("Llywelyn the Great" often styled "Llywelyn I", prince of Gwynedd)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Dafydd ap Llywelyn (David II died 1246), Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Gruffydd, or Owain Goch, (fl. 1260), a prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ("Llywelyn the Last" or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David III died 1283), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales..
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri ("Owain Lawgoch"; died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.