The German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) built a series of protected cruisers in the 1880s and 1890s, starting with the two ships of the Irene class. The Navy only completed two additional classes of protected cruisers, comprising six more ships: the unique Kaiserin Augusta, and the five Victoria Louise-class ships. The type was then superseded by the armored cruiser at the turn of the century, beginning with Fürst Bismarck.[1] Because of limited budgets in the pre-Tirpitz era, the German Navy attempted to build vessels that could serve as overseas cruisers and scouts for the fleet, though the ships were not satisfactory.[2] The protected cruiser designs generally copied developments in foreign navies. The Victoria Louise design resembled contemporary German battleships, which favored smaller-caliber main guns and more secondary guns than on their foreign counterparts.[3]
Most of the German protected cruisers served on overseas stations throughout their careers, primarily in the East Asia Squadron in the 1890s and 1900s. Prinzess Wilhelm participated in the seizure of the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory in November 1897, which was used as the primary base for the East Asia Squadron. Kaiserin Augusta, Hertha, and Hansa assisted in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900, and Vineta saw action during the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903, where she bombarded several Venezuelan fortresses. Irene, Prinzess Wilhelm, and Kaiserin Augusta were relegated to secondary duties in the 1910s, while the Victoria Louise class was used to train naval cadets in the 1900s. All eight ships were broken up for scrap in the early 1920s.
| Armament | The number and type of the primary armament |
|---|---|
| Armor | The thickness of the deck armor |
| Displacement | Ship displacement at full combat load[a] |
| Propulsion | Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated |
| Service | The dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate |
| Laid down | The date the keel began to be assembled |
| Commissioned | The date the ship was commissioned |
Irene class
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The Irene class was the first protected cruiser design built by the German Imperial Navy. Built between 1886 and 1889 at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin and the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, the class comprised two ships, Irene and Prinzess Wilhelm. As built, the ships were armed with a main battery of fourteen 15-centimeter (5.9 in) breech-loading guns, of which four were L/30 models and ten shorter L/22 guns. They had a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). They were modernized in 1899–1905, and their armament was upgraded with new, 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/35 quick-firing guns.[4]
Both ships served in the East Asia station with the East Asia Squadron; Prinzess Wilhelm played a major role in the seizure of the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory in November 1897, under command of Admiral Otto von Diederichs.[5] The two ships were sent to safeguard German interests in the Philippines after the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. There, Irene's presence caused tensions with the American squadron occupying the islands.[6] Both ships returned to Germany at the turn of the century, and remained in European waters until 1914, when they were removed from active service. They were reduced to secondary roles—Irene was used as a submarine tender and Prinzess Wilhelm was hulked—and continued to serve until the early 1920s, when they were sold for scrap.[7]
| Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
| Irene | 14 × 15 cm guns[7] | 20 mm (0.79 in)[7] | 5,027 t (4,948 long tons)[8] | 2 shafts, 2 double-expansion steam engines, 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)[7] | 1886[9] | 25 May 1888[7] | Scrapped, 1922[7] |
| Prinzess Wilhelm | 13 November 1889[7] | Scrapped, 1922[7] | |||||
Kaiserin Augusta
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Kaiserin Augusta was a unique protected cruiser built for the German Navy in the early 1890s. She was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in 1890, launched in January 1892, and completed in November of that year.[10] Kaiserin Augusta was designed to serve both as a fleet scout and a colonial cruiser due to budgetary limitations.[2] As built, the ship was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm K L/30 and eight 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/35 guns, though by 1896 they were replaced with twelve newer 15 cm SK L/35 guns.[10] She was the first ship in the German Navy to feature a three-shaft propeller arrangement.[11] The ship had significant stability problems, shipped excessive quantities of water in a head sea, and maneuvered poorly.[10]
Kaiserin Augusta served on foreign stations between 1897 and 1902, primarily in the East Asia Squadron.[10][12] While in Chinese waters in 1900, the ship's crew assisted in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising.[13] She returned to Germany in 1902 for an extensive overhaul that lasted until 1907,[10] after which she went into reserve.[2] Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Kaiserin Augusta was mobilized to serve as a gunnery training ship. She served in this role throughout the war; the ship was ultimately sold for scrapping in October 1919 and broken up the following year.[2][10]
| Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
| Kaiserin Augusta | 12 × 15 cm guns[10] | 50 mm (2 in)[10] | 6,318 t (6,218 long tons)[10] | 3 shafts, 3 triple-expansion steam engines, 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)[10] | 1890[14] | 17 November 1892[10] | Scrapped, 1920[10] |
Victoria Louise class
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The Victoria Louise class was the last class of protected cruisers built for the German Navy. The class design introduced the combined clipper and ram bow and the blocky sides that typified later German armored cruisers. The class comprised five vessels: the lead ship Victoria Louise, Hertha, Freya, Vineta, and Hansa.[14] The ships were laid down in 1895 and 1896, launched in 1897 and 1898, and commissioned into the fleet over the following year. Problems with the Niclausse boilers installed on Vineta prompted the Navy to standardize boiler types in future warships; from then on, only Schulz-Thornycroft or Marine type boilers would be used. All five ships were armed with a main battery of two 21 cm SK L/40 guns and eight 15 cm SK L/40 guns.[15]
The ships of the class served in various units in the German fleet, including on the America Station, in the East Asia Squadron, and with the home fleet.[16] Hertha and Hansa participated in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900,[17] and Vineta was involved in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903.[18] All five ships were modernized between 1905 and 1911, after which they served as training ships for naval cadets. They were mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group at the outbreak of World War I, but were quickly withdrawn from front-line service. They served in various secondary roles for the rest of the war. Afterward, Victoria Louise was converted into a merchant ship, but was broken up in 1923. The other four ships were scrapped in 1920 and 1921.[2][16]
| Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
| Victoria Louise | 2 × 21 cm SK L/40 8 × 15 cm guns[19] |
40 mm (1.6 in)[19] | 6,491 t (6,388 long tons)[19] | 3 shafts, triple-expansion steam engines, 19.5 kn (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph)[19] | 1895[14] | 20 February 1899[16] | Scrapped, 1923[16] |
| Hertha | 23 July 1898[16] | Scrapped, 1920[16] | |||||
| Freya | 20 October 1898[16] | Scrapped, 1921[16] | |||||
| Vineta | 6,705 t (6,599 long tons)[19] | 3 shafts, triple-expansion steam engines, 18.5 kn (34.3 km/h; 21.3 mph)[19] | 1896[14] | 13 September 1899[16] | Scrapped, 1920[16] | ||
| Hansa | 20 April 1899[16] | Scrapped, 1920[16] | |||||
Notes
editFootnotes
edit- ^ Historian Erich Gröner states that full load was defined as "[equal to] type displacement plus full load fuel oil, diesel oil, coal, reserve boiler feed water, aircraft fuel, and special equipment." See: Gröner, p. ix.
Citations
edit- ^ Lyon, pp. 253–254.
- ^ a b c d e Campbell & Sieche, p. 142.
- ^ Lyon, pp. 249, 254.
- ^ Gröner, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Gottschall, pp. 157–162.
- ^ Cooling, pp. 95–96.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gröner, p. 95.
- ^ Gröner, p. 94.
- ^ Lyon, p. 253.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gröner, p. 46.
- ^ Willmott, p. 62.
- ^ Gottschall, p. 165.
- ^ Perry, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b c d Lyon, p. 254.
- ^ Gröner, pp. 47–48.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gröner, p. 48.
- ^ Perry, p. 29.
- ^ Mitchell, p. 86.
- ^ a b c d e f Gröner, p. 47.
References
edit- Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 134–189. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
- Cooling, Benjamin Franklin (2007). USS Olympia: Herald of Empire. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-126-6.
- Gottschall, Terrell D. (2003). By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diedrichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-309-1.
- Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
- Lyon, Hugh (1979). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
- Mitchell, Nancy (1999). The Danger of Dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4775-6.
- Perry, Michael (2001). Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-181-7.
- Willmott, H. P. (2009). The Last Century of Sea Power (Volume 1, From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35214-9.
Further reading
edit- Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-229-5.
- Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7.