The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020. The Agreement aims to respond to the global climate change threat by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.[1]
History
editThe language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 197 parties at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015.[2][3][4] The Agreement was open for signature by States and regional economic integration organizations that are Parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.[5] The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015)[6] ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.[7][8] On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.[9][10] 175 Parties (174 states and the European Union) signed the agreement on the first date it was open for signature.[11][12] On the same day, more than 20 countries issued a statement of their intent to join as soon as possible with a view to joining in 2016. With ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect as of 4 November 2016.
Parties
editAs of February 2023, 194 states and the EU, representing over 98% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China and the United States, the countries with the first and second largest CO2 emissions among UNFCCC members.[13][14][15] A further three states have signed the Agreement but not ratified it. All 198 UNFCCC members have either signed or acceded to the Paris Agreement.
| Party[13] | Percentage of greenhouse gases for ratification[6] |
Date of signature | Date of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession | Date of entry into force |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 15 February 2017 | 17 March 2017 |
 Albania
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Algeria
|
0.30% | 22 April 2016 | 20 October 2016 | 19 November 2016 |
 Andorra
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 24 March 2017 | 23 April 2017 |
 Angola
|
0.17% | 22 April 2016 | 16 November 2020 | 16 December 2020 |
 Antigua and Barbuda
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Argentina
|
0.89% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Armenia
|
0.02% | 20 September 2016 | 23 March 2017 | 22 April 2017 |
 Australia
|
1.46% | 22 April 2016 | 9 November 2016 | 9 December 2016 |
 Austria[a]
|
0.21% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Azerbaijan
|
0.13% | 22 April 2016 | 9 January 2017 | 8 February 2017 |
 Bahamas, The
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 August 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Bahrain
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 23 December 2016 | 22 January 2017 |
 Bangladesh
|
0.27% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Barbados
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Belarus
|
0.24% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Belgium[a]
|
0.32% | 22 April 2016 | 6 April 2017 | 6 May 2017 |
 Belize
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Benin
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 31 October 2016 | 30 November 2016 |
 Bhutan
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 19 September 2017 | 19 October 2017 |
 Bolivia
|
0.12% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
0.08% | 22 April 2016 | 16 March 2017 | 15 April 2017 |
 Botswana
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 11 November 2016 | 11 December 2016 |
 Brazil
|
2.48% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Brunei
|
N/A[b] | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Bulgaria[a]
|
0.15% | 22 April 2016 | 29 November 2016 | 29 December 2016 |
 Burkina Faso
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 11 November 2016 | 11 December 2016 |
 Burundi
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 17 January 2018 | 16 February 2018 |
 Cambodia
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 6 February 2017 | 8 March 2017 |
 Cameroon
|
0.45% | 22 April 2016 | 29 July 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Canada
|
1.95% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Cape Verde
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2017 | 21 October 2017 |
 Central African Republic
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 11 October 2016 | 10 November 2016 |
 Chad
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 12 January 2017 | 11 February 2017 |
 Chile[16]
|
0.25% | 20 September 2016 | 10 February 2017 | 12 March 2017 |
 China[c]
|
20.09% | 22 April 2016 | 3 September 2016[14] | 4 November 2016 |
 Colombia
|
0.41% | 22 April 2016 | 12 July 2018 | 11 August 2018 |
 Comoros
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 23 November 2016 | 23 December 2016 |
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 13 December 2017 | 12 January 2018 |
 Congo, Republic of the
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 21 April 2017 | 21 May 2017 |
 Cook Islands
|
0.00% | 24 June 2016 | 1 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Costa Rica
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 13 October 2016 | 12 November 2016 |
 Côte d'Ivoire
|
0.73% | 22 April 2016 | 25 October 2016 | 24 November 2016 |
 Croatia[a]
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 24 May 2017 | 23 June 2017 |
 Cuba
|
0.10% | 22 April 2016 | 28 December 2016 | 27 January 2017 |
 Cyprus[a]
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 4 January 2017 | 3 February 2017 |
 Czech Republic[a]
|
0.34% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2017 | 4 November 2017 |
 Denmark[d][a]
|
0.15% | 22 April 2016 | 1 November 2016 | 1 December 2016 |
 Djibouti
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 11 November 2016 | 11 December 2016 |
 Dominica
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Dominican Republic
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2017 | 21 October 2017 |
 East Timor
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 16 August 2017 | 15 September 2017 |
 Ecuador
|
0.67% | 26 July 2016 | 20 September 2017 | 20 October 2017 |
 Egypt
|
0.52% | 22 April 2016 | 29 June 2017 | 29 July 2017 |
 El Salvador
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 27 March 2017 | 26 April 2017 |
 Equatorial Guinea
|
N/A[b] | 22 April 2016 | 30 October 2018 | 29 November 2018 |
 Eritrea
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 7 February 2023 | 9 March 2023 |
 Estonia[a]
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 | 4 December 2016 |
 Eswatini
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Ethiopia
|
0.13% | 22 April 2016 | 9 March 2017 | 8 April 2017 |
 European Union
|
N/A[e] | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Fiji
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Finland[a]
|
0.17% | 22 April 2016 | 14 November 2016 | 14 December 2016 |
 France[a]
|
1.34% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Gabon
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 2 November 2016 | 2 December 2016 |
 Gambia, The
|
0.05% | 26 April 2016 | 7 November 2016 | 7 December 2016 |
 Georgia
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 8 May 2017 | 7 June 2017 |
 Germany[a]
|
2.56% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Ghana
|
0.09% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Greece[a]
|
0.28% | 22 April 2016 | 14 October 2016 | 13 November 2016 |
 Grenada
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Guatemala
|
0.04% | 22 April 2016 | 25 January 2017 | 24 February 2017 |
 Guinea
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Guinea-Bissau
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 22 October 2018 | 21 November 2018 |
 Guyana
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 20 May 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Haiti
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 31 July 2017 | 30 August 2017 |
 Holy See
|
N/A[f] | 4 September 2022 | 4 October 2022 | |
 Honduras
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Hungary[a]
|
0.15% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Iceland
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 India
|
4.10% | 22 April 2016 | 2 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Indonesia
|
1.49% | 22 April 2016 | 31 October 2016 | 30 November 2016 |
 Iraq
|
0.20% | 8 December 2016 | 1 November 2021 | 1 December 2021 |
 Ireland[a]
|
0.16% | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 | 4 December 2016 |
 Israel
|
0.20% | 22 April 2016 | 22 November 2016 | 22 December 2016 |
 Italy[a]
|
1.18% | 22 April 2016 | 11 November 2016 | 11 December 2016 |
 Jamaica
|
0.04% | 22 April 2016 | 10 April 2017 | 10 May 2017 |
 Japan
|
3.79% | 22 April 2016 | 8 November 2016 | 8 December 2016 |
 Jordan
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 | 4 December 2016 |
 Kazakhstan
|
0.84% | 2 August 2016 | 6 December 2016 | 5 January 2017 |
 Kenya
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 28 December 2016 | 27 January 2017 |
 Kiribati
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Kuwait
|
0.09% | 22 April 2016 | 23 April 2018 | 23 May 2018 |
 Kyrgyzstan
|
0.03% | 21 September 2016 | 18 February 2020 | 19 March 2020 |
 Laos
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 7 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Latvia[a]
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 16 March 2017 | 15 April 2017 |
 Lebanon
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 5 February 2020 | 6 March 2020 |
 Lesotho
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 20 January 2017 | 19 February 2017 |
 Liberia
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 27 August 2018 | 26 September 2018 |
 Liechtenstein
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 20 September 2017 | 20 October 2017 |
 Lithuania[a]
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 2 February 2017 | 4 March 2017 |
 Luxembourg[a]
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 | 4 December 2016 |
 Madagascar
|
0.08% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Malawi
|
0.07% | 20 September 2016 | 29 June 2017 | 29 July 2017 |
 Malaysia
|
0.52% | 22 April 2016 | 16 November 2016 | 16 December 2016 |
 Maldives
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Mali
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 23 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Malta[a]
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Marshall Islands
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Mauritania
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 27 February 2017 | 29 March 2017 |
 Mauritius
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Mexico
|
1.70% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Micronesia
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 15 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Moldova
|
0.04% | 21 September 2016 | 20 June 2017 | 20 July 2017 |
 Monaco
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 24 October 2016 | 23 November 2016 |
 Mongolia
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Montenegro
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 20 December 2017 | 19 January 2018 |
 Morocco
|
0.16% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Mozambique
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 4 June 2018 | 4 July 2018 |
 Myanmar
|
0.10% | 22 April 2016 | 19 September 2017 | 19 October 2017 |
 Namibia
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Nauru
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Nepal
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Netherlands[g][a]
|
0.53% | 22 April 2016 | 28 July 2017 | 27 August 2017 |
 New Zealand[h]
|
0.22% | 22 April 2016 | 4 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Nicaragua
|
0.03% | 23 October 2017 | 22 November 2017 | |
 Niger
|
0.04% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Nigeria
|
0.57% | 22 September 2016 | 16 May 2017 | 15 June 2017 |
 Niue
|
0.01% | 28 October 2016 | 28 October 2016 | 27 November 2016 |
 North Korea
|
0.23% | 22 April 2016 | 1 August 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 North Macedonia
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 9 January 2018 | 8 February 2018 |
 Norway
|
0.14% | 22 April 2016 | 20 June 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Oman
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 22 May 2019 | 21 June 2019 |
 Pakistan
|
0.43% | 22 April 2016 | 10 November 2016 | 10 December 2016 |
 Palau
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Palestine
|
N/A[f] | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Panama
|
0.03% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Papua New Guinea
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Paraguay
|
0.06% | 22 April 2016 | 14 October 2016 | 13 November 2016 |
 Peru
|
0.22% | 22 April 2016 | 25 July 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Philippines
|
0.34% | 22 April 2016 | 23 March 2017 | 22 April 2017 |
 Poland[a]
|
1.06% | 22 April 2016 | 7 October 2016 | 6 November 2016 |
 Portugal[a]
|
0.18% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Qatar
|
0.17% | 22 April 2016 | 23 June 2017 | 23 July 2017 |
 Romania[a]
|
0.30% | 22 April 2016 | 1 June 2017 | 1 July 2017 |
 Russia
|
7.53% | 22 April 2016 | 7 October 2019 | 6 November 2019 |
 Rwanda
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 6 October 2016 | 5 November 2016 |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Saint Lucia
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 29 June 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Samoa
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 San Marino
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 26 September 2018 | 26 October 2018 |
 São Tomé and Príncipe
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 2 November 2016 | 2 December 2016 |
 Saudi Arabia
|
0.80% | 3 November 2016 | 3 November 2016 | 3 December 2016 |
 Senegal
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Serbia
|
0.18% | 22 April 2016 | 25 July 2017 | 24 August 2017 |
 Seychelles
|
0.00% | 25 April 2016 | 29 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Sierra Leone
|
0.98%[i] | 22 September 2016 | 1 November 2016 | 1 December 2016 |
 Singapore
|
0.13% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Slovakia[a]
|
0.12% | 22 April 2016 | 5 October 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Slovenia[a]
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 16 December 2016 | 15 January 2017 |
 Solomon Islands
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Somalia
|
N/A[b] | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 South Africa
|
1.46% | 22 April 2016 | 1 November 2016 | 1 December 2016 |
 South Korea
|
1.85% | 22 April 2016 | 3 November 2016 | 3 December 2016 |
 South Sudan
|
N/A[b] | 22 April 2016 | 23 February 2021 | 25 March 2021 |
 Spain[a]
|
0.87% | 22 April 2016 | 12 January 2017 | 11 February 2017 |
 Sri Lanka
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Sudan
|
0.18% | 22 April 2016 | 2 August 2017 | 1 September 2017 |
 Suriname
|
0.01% | 22 April 2016 | 13 February 2019 | 15 March 2019 |
 Sweden[a]
|
0.15% | 22 April 2016 | 13 October 2016 | 12 November 2016 |
 Switzerland
|
0.14% | 22 April 2016 | 6 October 2017 | 5 November 2017 |
 Syria
|
0.21% | 13 November 2017 | 13 December 2017 | |
 Tanzania
|
0.11% | 22 April 2016 | 18 May 2018 | 17 June 2018 |
 Tajikistan
|
0.02% | 22 April 2016 | 22 March 2017 | 21 April 2017 |
 Thailand
|
0.64% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Togo
|
0.02% | 19 September 2016 | 28 June 2017 | 28 July 2017 |
 Tonga
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Trinidad and Tobago
|
0.04% | 22 April 2016 | 22 February 2018 | 24 March 2018 |
 Tunisia
|
0.11% | 22 April 2016 | 10 February 2017 | 12 March 2017 |
 Turkey
|
1.24% | 22 April 2016 | 11 October 2021 | 10 November 2021 |
 Turkmenistan
|
0.20% | 23 September 2016 | 20 October 2016 | 19 November 2016 |
 Tuvalu
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 22 April 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Uganda
|
0.07% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Ukraine
|
1.04% | 22 April 2016 | 19 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 United Arab Emirates
|
0.53% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 United Kingdom
|
1.55% | 22 April 2016 | 18 November 2016 | 18 December 2016 |
 United States
|
17.89% | 22 April 2016 | 3 September 2016 | 4 November 2016[j] |
 Uruguay
|
0.05% | 22 April 2016 | 19 October 2016 | 18 November 2016 |
 Uzbekistan
|
0.54% | 19 April 2017 | 9 November 2018 | 9 December 2018 |
 Vanuatu
|
0.00% | 22 April 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 4 November 2016 |
 Venezuela
|
0.52% | 22 April 2016 | 21 July 2017 | 20 August 2017 |
 Vietnam
|
0.72% | 22 April 2016 | 3 November 2016 | 3 December 2016 |
 Zambia
|
0.04% | 20 September 2016 | 9 December 2016 | 8 January 2017 |
 Zimbabwe
|
0.18% | 22 April 2016 | 7 August 2017 | 6 September 2017 |
| Total | 98.63%[6] | 195[13] | ||
European Union and its member states
editBoth the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states deposit their instruments of ratification at the same time to ensure that neither the EU nor its member states engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,[22] and there were fears that disagreement over each individual member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's vote to leave the EU might delay the Paris pact.[23] However, the European Parliament approved ratification of the Paris Agreement on 4 October 2016,[24] and the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with several individual EU member states.[23]
Sub-national territories
editSome sub-national territories of parties are subject to a territorial exclusion from their sovereign state that is party to the Agreement. The party can then extend the ratification of the Agreement to said territory. While the UK did not make any declaration upon ratification, it did so in National Communications, last in its 8th NC in 2022.[25] The militarily used British Indian Ocean Territory is not mentioned as being excluded.
| Party | Territory | Date of Exclusion | Date of Approval | Date of entry into force |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark |
 Greenland |
2016-11-01[26] | 2024-07-02 [26] | N/A |
| Netherlands |
 Aruba |
2022-04-16[27] | 2016-04-22[28] (signed, not ratified) |
N/A |
| Netherlands |
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba |
2022-04-16[29] | N/A | N/A |
| Netherlands |
 Curaçao |
2022-04-16[27] | N/A | N/A |
| Netherlands |
 Sint Maarten |
2022-04-16[27] | N/A | N/A |
| New Zealand |
 Tokelau |
2016-10-04[30] | 2017-11-13[31] | N/A |
| UK |
 Anguilla |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Bermuda |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 British Virgin Islands |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Cayman Islands |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Falkland Islands |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Isle of Man |
N/A | 2023-03-22[32][33] | N/A |
| UK |
 Gibraltar |
N/A | 2022-10-03[34] | N/A |
| UK |
 Guernsey |
N/A | 2022-04-29[35] | N/A |
| UK |
 Jersey |
N/A | 2023-12-06[36] | N/A |
| UK |
 Montserrat |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Pitcairn Islands |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UK |
 Turks and Caicos Islands |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
Withdrawal from Agreement
editArticle 28 of the agreement enables parties to withdraw from the agreement after sending a withdrawal notification to the depositary, but notice can be given no earlier than three years after the agreement goes into force for the country. Withdrawal is effective one year after the depositary is notified. Alternatively, the Agreement stipulates that withdrawal from the UNFCCC, under which the Paris Agreement was adopted, would also withdraw the state from the Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. In the agreement no provisions for non compliance are stated.
On 1 June 2017, then-US President Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the agreement.[37] In accordance with Article 28, as the agreement entered into force in the United States on 4 November 2016, the earliest possible effective withdrawal date for the United States was 4 November 2020. If it had chosen to withdraw by way of withdrawing from the UNFCCC, notice could be given immediately (the UNFCCC entered into force for the US in 1994), and be effective one year later. On August 4, 2017, the Trump administration delivered an official notice to the United Nations that the US intended to withdraw from the Paris Agreement as soon as it is legally eligible to do so.[38] The formal notice of withdrawal could not be submitted until the agreement had been in force for 3 years for the US, in 2019.[39][40]
According to a memo obtained by HuffPost believed to be written by US State Department legal office, any "attempts to withdraw from the Paris Agreement outside of the above-described withdrawal provisions would be inconsistent with international law and would not be accepted internationally."[41][42]
On 4 November 2019, the United States notified the depositary of its withdrawal from the agreement, to be effective exactly one year from that date.[43] In one of his first executive actions, President Joe Biden signed an order that would have the United States rejoin the agreement.[44][45] Joe Biden was greeted by French President Emmanuel Macron with a "Welcome back to the Paris Agreement!".[46]
Signatories
editA further three states have signed but not ratified the Paris Agreement.
| Signatory[13] | Percentage of greenhouse gases for ratification[6] |
Date of signature |
|---|---|---|
 Iran
|
1.30% | 22 April 2016 |
 Libya
|
N/A[b] | 22 April 2016 |
 Yemen
|
0.07% | 23 September 2016 |
| Total | 1.38% | 3 |
Notes and references
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Also covered by European Union ratification.
- ^ a b c d e Emissions of parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emission inventory at the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement were not included in the figure for entry into force of the Agreement.[6]
- ^ Including Hong Kong and Macau.
- ^ Excluding Greenland.[17]
- ^ The emissions of the European Union are accounted for in the total of its individual member states.
- ^ a b Emissions of states that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement,[20] which were thus not permitted to sign the Agreement, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Agreement.
- ^ For the European Part of the Netherlands.
- ^ Extended to Tokelau on 13 November 2017[18] after initially excluding it.[19]
- ^ Though corresponding with the source the provided number for Sierra Leone's emissions is incorrect. According to World Bank data, the correct 2000 emissions for Sierra Leone is 14,763 kt CO2-equivalents (not 365,107 kt), or 0.04% of the world total (not 0.98%).[21]
- ^ Not a party between 4 November 2020 and 19 February 2021. The United States gave notice of its denunciation of the agreement on 4 November 2019, which came into effect on 4 November 2020. It accepted the agreement again on 20 January 2021, with entry into force again on 19 February 2021.
References
edit- ^ http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php [bare URL]
- ^ Jepsen, Henrik; et al. (2021). Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108886246.
- ^ Sutter, John D.; Berlinger, Joshua (12 December 2015). "Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris". CNN. Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "Paris climate talks: France releases 'ambitious, balanced' draft agreement at COP21". ABC Australia. 12 December 2015.
- ^ Article 20(1)
- ^ a b c d e "Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)" (PDF). UNFCCC. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ Article 21(1)
- ^ "Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change - 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius". UN Climate Change Newsroom. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 12 December 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^ McGrath, Matt (31 March 2016). "Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign". Bbc.com. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly 1 April 2016
- ^ "'Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord". United Nations. 22 April 2016.
- ^ "PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony" (PDF). UNFCCC. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Paris Agreement". United Nations Treaty Collection. 8 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Paris climate deal: US and China formally join pact", BBC News, 3 September 2016 (page visited on 4 September 2016).
- ^ "India Ratifies Landmark Paris Climate Deal, Says, 'Kept Our Promise'". Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ "Chile firmará acuerdo climático en septiembre y será uno de los 57 países que lo ratificarían este año".
- ^ https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2016/CN.819.2016-Eng.pdf [bare URL PDF]
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