Wikipedia

List of monarchs of Punjab

This article lists the monarchs of Punjab from the ancient kingdom of Sindhu-Sauvīra around 1000 BC until the deposition of the Sikh Empire in 1849.[1]

Maharaja of Punjab
Seal of Ranjit Singh
Last to reign
Duleep Singh
15 September 1843 – 29 March 1849
Details
Style
List
First monarchUdayana 6th century – 5th century BC (first known ruler)
Last monarchDuleep Singh 1843–1849 (as Maharaja of Punjab)
Formation11th century BC
Abolition29 March 1849
Residence
List
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)none
(House extinct)

Sindhu-Sauvīra

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Main article: Sindhu-Sauvīra
  • Udayana or Udrayana or Rudrayana (6th to 5th century BC)
  • Kesikumara (5th century BC)

Achaemenid Empire (513 – 338 BC)

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The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent
Main articles: Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid dynasty, and Hindush
Name Image Comments Dates
Darius I   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. Cousin of Cambyses II and Bardiya. 513–486 BC
Xerxes I   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt 486–465 BC
Artaxerxes I   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt 465–424 BC
Xerxes II   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. Assassinated by his half-brother and successor, Sogdianus. 424 BC (45 days)
Sogdianus   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt 424–423 BC
Darius II   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. His birth name was Ochus. 423–405 BC
Artaxerxes II   King of Persia. Ruling for 47 years, Artaxerxes II was the longest reigning Achaemenid king. His birth name was Arses. 405–358 BC
Artaxerxes III   King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt, having re-conquered the land after it was lost during the reign of Artaxerxes II. His birth name was Ochus. 358–338 BC

Pauravas

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Main article: Pauravas
  • Porus (before 326 BC, probably 338 BC – between 321 and 315 BC)

Macedonian Empire (326 – 316 BC)

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The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent
Main article: Macedonian Empire
Name Reign Succession Life details
Alexander III "the Great" 326 – 323
(3 years) 		Son of Philip II 356 – 10/11 June 323
(aged 33)
Conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire; died of illness at Babylon[2]
Philip III Arrhidaeus 323 – 317
(6 years) 		Son of Philip II; co-ruler with Alexander IV c. 358 – 317
(aged 41)[3]
Owing to his diminished mental capacity, Philip never ruled in his own right and instead went through a series of regents; executed by Olympias.[4]
Alexander IV 323 – 316
(7 years) 		Son of Alexander III; co-ruler with Philip III 323 – 316
(aged 13)
Due to his age, Alexander never ruled in his own right. Alexander III's mother, Olympias, guarded him until her execution in 316; murdered by Cassander.[4]

Maurya Empire (322 – 184 BC)

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The Maurya Empire at its greatest extent
Main article: Maurya Empire
Ruler Reign Notes
Chandragupta Maurya   322–297 BCE Founder of first Indian united empire.
Bindusara   297–273 BCE Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of Vidarbha revolt.
Ashoka   268–232 BCE Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for Kalinga War victory.
Dasharatha Maurya   232–224 BCE Grandson of Ashoka.
Samprati   224–215 BCE Brother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka   215–202 BCE
Devavarman 202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan 195–187 BCE The Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha 187–184 BCE Assassinated by his Commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE.

Indo-Greeks (200 – 20 BC)

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map of Indo-Greeks and their expansion into India
Main article: Indo-Greek Kingdom
Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, their coins, territories and chronology
Based on Bopearachchi (1991)[5]
Greco-Bactrian kings Indo-Greek kings
Territories/
dates		 West Bactria East Bactria Paropamisade
 Arachosia Gandhara Western Punjab Eastern Punjab Mathura
200–190 BC Demetrius I 
190–185 BC Euthydemus II 
190–180 BC Agathocles  Pantaleon 
185–170 BC Antimachus I 
180–160 BC Apollodotus I 
175–170 BC Demetrius II 
160–155 BC Antimachus II 
170–145 BC Eucratides 
155–130 BC Yuezhi occupation,
loss of Ai-Khanoum 		Eucratides II 
Plato 
Heliocles I  		Menander I 
130–120 BC Yuezhi occupation Zoilos I  Agathokleia   
Yavanarajya
inscription
120–110 BC Lysias  Strato I 
110–100 BC Antialcidas  Heliokles II 
100 BC Polyxenos  Demetrius III 
100–95 BC Philoxenus 
95–90 BC Diomedes  Amyntas  Epander 
90 BC Theophilos  Peukolaos  Thraso 
90–85 BC Nicias  Menander II  Artemidoros 
90–70 BC Hermaeus  Archebius 
Yuezhi occupation Maues (Indo-Scythian)
75–70 BC Telephos  Apollodotus II 
65–55 BC Hippostratos  Dionysios 
55–35 BC Azes I (Indo-Scythian) Zoilos II 
55–35 BC Apollophanes 
25 BC – AD 10 Strato II and Strato III 
Zoilos III/ Bhadayasa 
Rajuvula (Indo-Scythian)

Northern Satraps

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Northern Satraps in early 1st century
Main article: Northern Satraps
Ruler Image Title Approx. dates Mentions
Hagamasha   Satrap 1st century BCE In the archaeological excavations of Sonkh, near Mathura, the earliest coins of the Kshatrapa levels were those of Hagamasha.[6]
Hagana   Satrap 1st century BCE
Rajuvula   Great Satrap early 1st century BCE
Bhadayasa   Satrap 1st century CE Possible successor of Rajuvula in Eastern Punjab
Sodasa   Satrap 1st century CE Son of Rajuvula in Mathura
Kharapallana
 
Ksatrapena Vanasparena Kharapallanena
 Great Satrap c. CE 130 Great Satrap for Kushan ruler Kanishka I
Vanaspara
 
Ksatrapena Vanasparena Kharapallanena
 Satrap c. CE 130 Satrap for Kushan ruler Kanishka I

Indo-Parthians (15 BC – 50 AD)

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Indo-Parthians at their greatest extent, c. 40 CE
Main article: Indo-Parthian Kingdom

Kushan Empire (50 – 350 AD)

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Main article: Kushan Empire
"Little Kushans";

Gupta Empire (335 – 495 AD)

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Locator map of the Gupta Empire
Main article: Gupta Empire
Ruler Reign (CE) Notes
Sri-Gupta I   c. late 3rd century CE Founder of the dynasty.
Ghatotkacha   280/290–319 CE
Chandra-Gupta I   319–335 CE His title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power.
Samudra-Gupta   335–375 CE Defeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories to his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far as the Pallava kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. His empire extended from Ravi River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were his tributaries.
Kacha   mid 4th century CE Rival brother/king, possibly an usurper, there are coins who attest him as ruler; possibly identical with Samudra-Gupta.
Rama-Gupta
Chandra-Gupta II Vikramaditya   375–415 CE Continued the expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the Western Kshatrapas, and extended the Gupta empire from the Indus River in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Narmada River in the south.
Kumara-Gupta I   415–455 CE He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east.
Skanda-Gupta   455–467 CE It is stated that he restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his predecessor's last years, the Empire may have suffered reverses, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. He is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.
Puru-Gupta 467–473 CE
Kumara-Gupta II Kramaditya   473–476 CE
Buddha-Gupta   476–495 CE He had close ties with the rulers of Kannauj and together they sought to run the Alchon Huns (Hunas) out of the fertile plains of Northern India.

Kidarite Huns (390 – 455 AD)

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Kidarite Huns at their greatest extent, c. 400 AD
Main article: Kidarites
Yosada c.335 CE[8]
(Unknown) fl. 388/400
Varhran (II) fl. c. 425
Goboziko fl. c. 450

Alchon Huns (470 – 550 AD)

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Alchon Huns at their greatest extent under Mihirakula, c. 500 CE
Main article: Alchon Huns

Taank Kingdom (550 – 822)

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Main article: Taank Kingdom
 
Taank Kingdom (in purple) alongside other South Asian polities, c. 700 AD

The Taanks (Takkas) were people from a variety of clans forming a kingdom. The rulers of the kingdom are only known from sources of chronicles and minted coins.[9] During this rule (630 AD), Lahore was said to have been visited by the Chinese pilgrim Hieun Tsang. He described it as a great Brahmin city.

Note: Not listed chronologically.

  • Ratapat
  • Bahurpal
  • Sahajpal
  • Madanpal

Chamba State (550 – 1948)

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Main article: Chamba State
 
State of Chamba next to the State of Kangra, c. 1911
  • Raja Yugakar Verman
  • Raja Vidagdha Verman
  • Raja Dodaka Verman
  • Raja Vichitra Verman
  • Raja Dhariya Verman
  • Raja Salavahana Verman
  • Raja Soma Varman
  • Raja Asata Varman
  • Raja Jasata Verman
  • Raja Dhala Verman
  • Raja Udayan Varman
  • Raja Anand Verman
  • Raja Ganesa Verman
  • Raja Pratap Singh Verman, (from 1559 to 1586)
  • Raja Vir Vahnu Verman (1586 to 1589)
  • Raja Balbhadra Verman (1589 to 1641) as Chamba.
  • 1690 - 1720 Udai Singh (b. ... - d. 1720)
  • 1720 - 1735 Ugar Singh
  • 1735 - 1794 Raj Singh (b. 1735 - d. 1794)
  • 1794 - 1808 Jit Singh (b. 1775 - d. 1808)
  • 1808 - 1844 Charhat Singh (b. 1803 - d. 1844)
  • 1844 - 1870 Shri Singh (b. 1839 - d. 1870)
  • 1870 - Apr 1873 Gopal Singh (b. 18... - d. 1893)
  • 17 Apr 1873 – 22 Jan 1904 Sham Singh (b. 1866 - d. 1905)
  • 22 Jan 1904 – 22 Sep 1919 Bhuri Singh (b. 1869 - d. 1919)
  • 22 Sep 1919 - 7 Dec 1935 Ram Singh (b. 1890 - d. 1935)
  • 7 Dec 1935 – 15 Aug 1947 Tikka Lakshman Singh (b. 1924 - d. 1971)[10]

Brahmin dynasty (632 – 712)

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Main article: Brahmin dynasty
 
Brahmin (Chacha) dynasty at its greatest extent
  • Chach (r. c. 632 – c. 671– )
  • Chandar (r. c. 671 – c. 679– )
  • Dāhir (r. c. 679 – c. 712–  from Alor)

Umayyad Caliphate (712 – 750)

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Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
 
Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 750)
Caliph Reign
Caliphs of Damascus
al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik 712 – 23 February 715
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 23 February 715 – 22 September 717
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 22 September 717 – 4 February 720
Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik 4 February 720 – 26 January 724
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 26 January 724 – 6 February 743
al-Walid II ibn Yazid 6 February 743 – 17 April 744
Yazid III ibn al-Walid 17 April 744 – 4 October 744
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid 4 October 744 – 4 December 744
Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira) 4 December 744 – 25 January 750

Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 855)

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Main article: Abbasid Caliphate
 
Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 850), Abbasids ruled Multan until the start of Anarchy in 861
Image/Coin Regnal name Personal name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Parents
 
  		Al-Sāffaḥ Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah 721 25 January 750 10 June 754
 
  		Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah 714 10 June 754 775
  Al-Mahdi Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad 744/745 775 4 August 785
  Al-Hadi Abu Muhammad Musa 764 August 785 14 September 786
 
  		Al-Rashid Harun 763/766 14 September 786 24 March 809
  Al-Amin Muhammad 787 March 809 24/25 September 813
 
  		Al-Ma'mun Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah 13/14 September 786 September 813 9 August 833
 
  		Al-Mu'tasim Abū Ishaq Muhammad October 796 9 August 833 5 January 842
 

 

Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun 811–813 5 January 842 10 August 847
 

 

Al-Mutawakkil Ja'far February/March 822 10 August 847 11 December 861
(assassinated)
  Al-Muntasir Abu Ja'far Muhammad November 837 855 7 or 8 June 862

Hindu Shahi Kingdom (822 – 1026)

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Main article: Hindu Shahi
 
Hindu Shahis at their zenith before the Ghaznavid invasion
  • Lalliya Kallar (822 CE – 850 CE)
  • Kamala Toramana (850 – ??)
  • Bhimadeva (?? – ??)
  • Spalapati (?? – ??)
  • Samanta (around 900 – 950)
  • Jayapala (964 – 1001)
  • Anandpal (1001 – 1010)
  • Trilochanpala (1010 – 1021)
  • Bhimpala (1021 – 1026)

Emirate of Multan (855 – 1010)

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Emirate of Multan centered around the city of Multan
Main article: Emirate of Multan

Munnabih dynasty (855 – 959)

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  • Muhammad Munabbih III (855 – 864)
  • Asad Qureshi (892 – early 900s, probably 918)
  • Hassan II (late 800s)
  • Ahmed II (late 800s – early 900s)
  • Munabbih I (912 – 913)
  • Muhammad Munabbih IV (913 – 920)
  • Munabbih II (920 – 930)
  • Fahad Munabbih (930 – 940)
  • Harun Munabbih (940 – 959)

Lodi dynasty (959 – 1010)

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  • Jalam bin Shayban (959 – 985)
  • Hamid ibn Shayban (985 – 997)
  • Nasr ibn Hamid (997 – ??)
  • Abul Fateh Daud ibn Nasr (?? – 1010)

Ghaznavid Empire (1010 – 1186)

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Main article: Ghaznavids
 
Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent
# Laqab Personal Name Reign Succession right Notes
1 Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim
یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم
Right-hand man of the State 		Mahmud 1010–1030 first son of Sabuktigin
2 Jalal ad-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ
Dignity of the State 		Muhammad 1030
1st reign 		second son of Mahmud
3 Shihab ad-Dawlah
شھاب الدولہ
Star of the State 		Masud I 1030–1041 first son of Mahmud Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
— Jalal ad-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ
Dignity of the State 		Muhammad 1041
2nd reign 		second son of Mahmud Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
4 Shihab ad-Dawlah
شھاب الدولہ
Star of the State 		Mawdud 1041–1048 son of Masud I Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.[11]
5 ?
? 		Masud II 1048 son of Mawdud
6 Baha ad-Dawlah
بھاء الدولہ
Splendor of the State 		Ali 1048–1049 son of Masud I
7 Izz ad-Dawlah
عز الدولہ
Glory of the State 		Abd al-Rashid 1049–1052 fifth son of Mahmud
8 Qiwam ad-Dawlah
قوام الدولہ
Support of the State 		Toghrul 1052–1053 Turkish mamluk general Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.[12]
9 Jamal ad-Dawlah
جمال الدولہ
Beauty of the state 		Farrukh-Zad 1053–1059 son of Masud I
10 Zahir ad-Dawlah
ظھیر الدولہ
Help of the State 		Ibrahim 1059–1099 son of Masud I
13 Ala ad-Dawlah
علاء الدولہ
Blessing of the State 		Mas'ūd III 1099–1115 son of Ibrahim
11 Kamal ad-Dawlah
کمال الدولہ
Perfection of the State 		Shir-Zad 1115–1116 son of Masud III Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.[13]
12 Sultan ad-Dawlah
سلطان الدولہ
Sultan of the state 		Arslan-Shah 1116–1117 son of Masud III Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar.[14]
13 Yamin ad-Dawlah
یمین الدولہ
Right-hand man of the state 		Bahram Shah 1117–1157 son of Masud III Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.[15]
14 Muizz ad-Dawlah
معزالدولہ
Honor of the State 		Khusrau Shah 1157–1160 son of Bahram-Shah
15 Taj ad-Dawlah
تاج الدولہ
Crown of the state 		Khusrau Malik 1160–1186 son of Khusrau-Shah

Ghurid Empire (1186 – 1206)

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Main article: Ghurid dynasty
 
Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202
Coinage Titular Name(s) Personal Name Reign
  Sultan Abul-Fateh
سلطان ابوالفتح 		Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
غیاث‌ الدین محمد 		1163–1203
    Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori
سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری 		Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad
معز الدین محمد 		1173–1206

Qabacha of Multan

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Titular Name(s) Personal Name Reign
Sultan Kaba-cha
سلطان قباچه 		Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
ناصرالدین قباچه 		1206–1228

Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526)

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Main article: Delhi Sultanate

Mamluk dynasty (1206 – 1290)

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Delhi Sultanate under Mamluk dynasty
Main article: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
S/N Name of ruler Birth Date Death Date Beginning of reign End of reign Notes
1 Qutbuddin Aibak 1150 14 November 1210 25 June 1206 14 November 1210
2 Aram Shah unknown June 1211 December 1210 June 1211 Son of Aibak
3 Iltutmish unknown 30 April 1236 June 1211 30 April 1236 Son-in-law of Aibak
4 Ruknuddin Firuz (Firuz I) unknown 19 November 1236 April/May 1236 November 1236 Son of Iltutmish
5 Razia Sultan unknown 15 October 1240 November 1236 20 April 1240 Daughter of Iltutmish
6 Muiz ud din Bahram 9 July 1212 15 May 1242 May 1240 15 May 1242 Son of Iltutmish
7 Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah unknown 10 June 1246 May 1242 10 June 1246 Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
8 Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (Mahmud I) 1229 or 1230 18 February 1266 10 June 1246 18 February 1266 Grandson of Iltutmish
9 Ghiyas ud din Balban 1216 1287 February 1266 1287 Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
10 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 1269 1 February 1290 1287 1 February 1290 Grandson of Balban
11 Shamsuddin Kayumars 1285/1287 13 June 1290 1 February 1290 13 June 1290 Son of Qaiqabad

Khalji dynasty (1290 – 1320)

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Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty
Main article: Khalji dynasty
S/N Name Birth date Death date Beginning of reign End of reign Notes
12 Jalal-ud-din Khalji (Firuz II) 1220 19 July 1296 13 June 1290 19 July 1296
– Ruknuddin Ibrahim unknown after 1296 July 1296 November 1296 Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
13 Alauddin Khalji c. 1266 4 January 1316 November 1296 4 January 1316 Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
14 Shihabuddin Omar 1310 or 1311 April 1316 5 January 1316 April 1316 Son of Alauddin Khalji
15 Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 1299 9 July 1320 14 April 1316 1 May 1320 Son of Alauddin Khalji

Outside of the dynasties (1320)

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S/N Name Birth date Death date Beginning of reign End of reign Notes
16 Khusrau Khan unknown 1320 10 July 1320 5 September 1320 He ruled for a short time, not founding a dynasty.

Tughluq dynasty (1320 – 1414)

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Delhi Sultanate under Tughluq dynasty
Main article: Tughluq dynasty
S/N Name Birth date Death date Beginning of reign End of reign Notes
17 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (Tughluq I) unknown 1 February 1325 8 September 1320 1 February 1325
18 Muhammad bin Tughluq (Muhammad II) c. 1290 20 March 1351 1 February 1325 20 March 1351 Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
19 Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Firuz III) 1309 20 September 1388 23 March 1351 20 September 1388 Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
20 Tughluq Khan (Tughluq II) unknown 14 March 1389 20 September 1388 14 March 1389 Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
21 Abu Bakr Shah unknown after 1390 15 March 1389 August 1390 Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
22 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (Muhammad III) unknown 20 January 1394 31 August 1390 20 January 1394 Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
23 Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah unknown 8 March 1394 22 January 1394 8 March 1394 Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
24 Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq unknown February 1413 March 1394 February 1413 Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
– Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq unknown 1398 or 1399 January 1395 1398 or 1399 Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.

Sayyid dynasty (1414 – 1451)

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Delhi Sultanate under Sayyid dynasty
Main article: Sayyid dynasty
S/N Name Birth date Death date Beginning of reign End of reign Notes
25 Khizr Khan unknown 20 May 1421 28 May 1414 20 May 1421
26 Mubarak Shah unknown 19 February 1434 21 May 1421 19 February 1434 Son of Khizr Khan
27 Muhammad Shah (Muhammad IV) unknown January 1445 February 1434 January 1445 Grandson of Khizr Khan
28 Alam Shah unknown July 1478 January 1445 19 April 1451 Son of Muhammad Shah

Lodi dynasty (1451 – 1526)

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Delhi Sultanate under Lodi dynasty
Main article: Lodi dynasty
S/N Name Birth date Death date Beginning of reign End of reign Notes
29 Bahlul Lodi 1420 12 July 1489 19 April 1451 12 July 1489
30 Sikandar Lodi (Sikandar II) 17 July 1458 21 November 1517 17 July 1489 21 November 1517 Son of Bahlul Lodi
31 Ibrahim Lodi 1480 21 April 1526 November 1517 21 April 1526 Son of Sikandar Lodi

Timurid Empire (1398 – 1421)

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Main articles: Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty
 
Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400
Titular name Personal name Reign
Amir
امیر
Timur Lang
تیمور لنگ 		Timur Beg Gurkani
تیمور بیگ گورکانی 		1398–1405
Amir
امیر 		Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza
پیر محمد بن جہانگیر میرزا 		1405–1407
Amir
امیر 		Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah
خلیل سلطان بن میران شاہ 		1405–1409
Amir
امیر 		Shahrukh Mirza
شاھرخ میرزا 		1405–1421

Chiefs of Pothohar

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Main article: Chieftaincy of Pothohar

House of Khokhars

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Main article: Khokhar
 
Khokhar dominion in 1431 after the capture of Delhi
Ruler Reign Note
Nusrat Khokhar ?? ‐ 1394 died fighting the Timurid forces
Shaikha Khokhar 1394 - 1420
Jasrat Khokhar 1420 - 1442 Had capital at Sialkot[16]

House of Gakhars

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Main article: Gakhars
Ruler Reign Note
Kaigohar Gakhar unknown Built Pharwala Fort
Jhanda Khan Ghakkar unknown - c.1493 Established city of Rawalpindi[17]
Polakh Khan Gakhar unknown Father of Hathi Khan Gakhar
Tatar Khan Ghakkar unknown - 1519 Made alliance with Babur
Hathi Khan Gakkar 1519 - 1526
Sarang Khan Gakhar 1526 - 1545 Died fighting against Sher Shah Suri at Rawat[18]
Adam Khan Gakhar 1546 - 1555 Under Mughal Empire
Kamal Khan Gakhar 1555 - 1566
Mubarak Khan Gakhar Unknown
Said Khan Gakhar 1563 - 1597 founded Saidpur village[19]
Nazar Khan Gakhar Unknown Commander of 500
Miran Shah Ghazi Gakhar Unknown Founder of Mirpur[20]
Allah Quli Khan Gakhar 1681 - 1705
Muqarrab Khan Gakhar 1705 - 1769 Last effective ruler of Pothohar[21]

Langah/Multan Sultanate (1445 – 1540)

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Langah Sultanate at its peak in 1475
Main article: Langah Sultanate
Titular Name(s) Personal Name Reign
Sultan Qutbu'd-Din
سلطان قطب الدین 		Rai Sahra Langah
رائے ساحرہ لنگہ 		1445–1469
Sultan Husseyn I
سلطان حسین اول 		Husseyn Shah Langah
حسین لنگہ 		1469–1498
Sultan Mahmud I
سلطان محمود اول 		Budha Khan Langah
بدھا خان لنگہ 		1498–1518
Sultan Husseyn II
سلطان حسین دوم 		Husseyn Langah
حسین لنگہ 		1518–1526
Sultan Mahmud II
سلطان محمود دوم 		Mahmud Khan Langah
محمود خان لنگہ 		1426–1540

Mughal Empire (1526 – 1540)

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Mughal Empire at its greatest extent
Main articles: Mughal Empire and Mughal dynasty
Portrait Titular Name Birth Name Birth Reign Death
1   Babur
بابر 		Zahir Ud-Din Muhammad Ghazi
ظہیر الدین محمد 		14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530

(4 years 8 months 9 days)

26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
2   Humayun
ہمایوں 		Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan
ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان 		6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan 26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540

Sur Empire (1540 – 1556)

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Sur Empire at its height under Sher Shah Suri
Main article: Sur Empire
S. n. Picture Name Birth date Death date Reign Notes
1st   Sher Shah Suri 1472 or 1486 22 May 1545 6 April 1538/17 May 1540[22][23] — 22 May 1545[23]
2nd   Islam Shah Suri 1507 22 November 1554 26 May 1545[24] — 22 November 1554[24] Son of Sher Shah Suri.
3rd Firuz Shah Suri 4 May 1542 1554 1554[25] Son of Islam Shah Suri.
4th Muhammad Adil Shah unknown 1557 1554[25] — 1555[26] Son-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
5th Ibrahim Shah Suri unknown 1567/1568 1555[26] Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
6th Sikandar Shah Suri unknown 1559 1555[26] — 22 June 1555[26] Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
7th Adil Shah Suri unknown April 1557 22 June 1555[26] — 1556[26] Brother of Sikandar Shah Suri.

Mughal Empire Restored (1556 – 1747)

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Portrait Titular Name Birth Name Birth Reign Death
2   Humayun
ہمایوں 		Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan
ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان 		6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan 22 February 1555  – 27 January 1556

(10 years 3 months 25 days)

27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
3   Akbar
اکبر 		Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad
ابوالفتح جلال الدین محمد 		15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605

(49 years 9 months 0 days)

27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
4   Jahangir
جہانگیر 		Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim
نورالدین بیگ محمد خان سلیم 		31 August 1569 Agra, India 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627

(21 years 11 months 23 days)

28 October 1627 (aged 58) Jammu and Kashmir, India
5   Shah Jahan
شاہ جہان 		Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram
شہاب الدین محمد خرم 		5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658

(30 years 8 months 25 days)

22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
6   Aurangzeb
اورنگزیب

Alamgir
عالمگیر

Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad
محی الدین محمد 		3 November 1618 Gujarat, India 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707

(48 years 7 months 0 days)

3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
7   Azam Shah
اعظم شاہ 		Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad
قطب الدين محمد 		28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India 14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707 20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
8   Bahadur Shah
بہادر شاہ

Shah Alam
شاہ عالم

Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam
ابوالنصر سید قطب الدین مرزا محمد معظم 		14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712

(4 years, 253 days)

27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
9   Jahandar Shah
جہاندار شاہ 		Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur
معیز الدین بیگ محمد خان بہادر 		9 May 1661 Deccan, India 27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713

(0 years, 350 days)

12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
10  Farrukhsiyar
فرخ سیر 		Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar
ابوالمظفر معین الدین محمد شاہ فرخ سیار علیم اکبر ثانی والا شان پادشاہ البحر البر
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719

(6 years, 48 days)

19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
11  Rafi ud-Darajat
رفیع الدرجات 		Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar
ابوالبرکات شمس الدین محمد رفیع الدراجات پادشاہ غازی شہنشاہ البحر البر
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		1 December 1699 28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719

(0 years, 98 days)

6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
12  Shah Jahan II
شاہ جہان دوم 		Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah
رفیع الدین محمد رفیع الدولہ
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		5 January 1696 6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719

(0 years, 105 days)

18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
13  Muhammad Shah
محمد شاہ 		Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi
ناصر الدین محمد شاہ روشن اختر بہادر غازی
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748

(28 years, 212 days)

26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
14  Ahmad Shah Bahadur
احمد شاہ بہادر 		Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi
ابو ناصر مجاہد الدین محمد احمد شاہ بہادر غازی 		23 December 1725 Delhi, India 29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754

(6 years, 37 days)

1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
15  Alamgir II
عالمگیر دوم 		Aziz Ud-Din Muhammad
عزیز اُلدین محمد 		6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India 3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759

(5 years, 180 days)

29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16  Shah Jahan III
شاہ جہان سوم 		Muhi Ul-Millat
محی اُلملت 		1711 10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760

(282 days)

1772 (aged 60–61)
17  Shah Alam II
شاہ عالم دوم 		Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar
عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم 		25 June 1728 Delhi, India 10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788

(27 years, 301 days)

19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
18  Shah Jahan IV
جہان شاه چہارم 		Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah
 بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ  		1749 Delhi, India 31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788

(63 days)

1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
19  Shah Alam II
شاہ عالم دوم 		Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar
عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم
Puppet King under the Maratha Empire 		25 June 1728 Delhi, India 16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806

(18 years, 339 days)

19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
20  Akbar Shah II
اکبر شاہ دوم 		Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
سلطان ابن سلطان صاحب المفاضی ولی نعمت حقی خداوند مجازی ابو ناصر معین الدین محمد اکبر شاہ پاد شاہ غازی
Puppet King under the East India Company 		22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837

(30 years, 321 days)

28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
21  Bahadur Shah II Zafar
بہادر شاہ ظفر 		Abu Zafar Siraj Ud-Din Muhammad
ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد 		24 October 1775 Delhi, India 28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857

(19 years, 360 days)

7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar

Bhangi Misl (1716 – 1802)

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Main article: Bhangi Misl
  • Chhajja Singh Dhillon (1716 – ??)
  • Bhuma Singh Dhillon (?? – 1746)
  • Hari Singh Dhillon (1746 – 1766)
  • Jhanda Singh Dhillon (1766 – 1774)
  • Ganda Singh Dhillon (1774 – 1776)
  • Charhat Singh Dhillon (1776 – 1776)
  • Desu Singh Dhillon (1776 – 1782)
  • Gulab Singh Dhillon (1782 – 1800)
  • Gurdit Singh Dhillon (1800 – 1802)

Sial Chieftaincy (1723 – 1818)

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Main article: Sial dynasty
  • Walidad Khan Sial 1723 – 1747
  • Inayatullah Khan Sial 1747 – 1787
  • Kabir Khan Sial 1787 – 1798
  • Ahmad Khan Sial 1798 – 1818

Singhpuria Misl (1733 – 1816)

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Main article: Singhpuria Misl
  • Kapur Singh 1733 – 1753
  • Khushal Singh 1753 – 1795
  • Buddh Singh 1795 – 1816

Durrani Empire (1747 –1809)

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Durrani Empire at its greatest extent
Main articles: Durrani Empire and Durrani dynasty
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Ahmad Shah Durrani
  • the Father of the Nation
1720/1722 – 4 June 177217471758Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani Empire; Considered founder of modern AfghanistanDurrani 
Timur Shah DurraniDecember 1746 – 20 May 1793November 177220 May 1793Son of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Preserved the Durrani Empire following the death of his father after fighting off civil war in 1772, and multiple rebellions		Durrani 
Zaman Shah Durrani1770–184420 May 179325 July 1801
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed		Durrani 
Mahmud Shah Durrani
  • Shah Mahmud
1769 – 18 April 182925 July 180113 July 1803
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed		Durrani 
Shah Shujah Durrani
  • Inayat-i-llahi, Shuja ul-Mulk, Muhammad Bahadur
4 November 1785 – 5 April 184213 July 18033 May 1809
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed, and making multiple attempts to reclaim his throne		Durrani 

Ramgarhia Misl (1748 – 1808)

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Main article: Ramgarhia Misl
Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Ref.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(1723 – 20 April 1803) 		  1748 – 1803 [27][28]
Jodh Singh Ramgarhia
(died August 1815) 		  1803 – 1808 [29][28]

Singh Krora Misl (1748 – 1808)

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No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Ref.
1 Sham Singh
(died 1739) 		  ? – 1739 [29]
2 Karam Singh ? ? [29]
3 Karora Singh
(died 1761) 		? ? – 1761 [29]
4 Baghel Singh
(died 1802) 		  1761 – 1802 [29]
5 (disputed) Jodh Singh
(born 1751) 		Sukhu Singh ? 1802 – ? [29]
6 Rattan Kaur
(died 1848) 		? ? – 1848 [27]

Dallewalia Misl (1748 – 1807)

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  • Gulab Singh Khatri 1748 – 1759
  • Gurdiyal Singh 1759 – 1764
  • Tara Singh Ghaiba 1764 – 1807

Nakai Misl (1748 – 1810)

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State of Bahawalpur (1748 – 1955)

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State of Bahawalpur alongside other Princely states and British Indian provinces and presidencies
Main article: State of Bahawalpur
Nawab Amir of Bahawalpur Tenure
Bahawal Khan Abbasi I 1748 – 1750
Mubarak Khan Abbasi II 1750 – 1772
Bahawal Khan Abbasi II 1772 – 1809
Sadeq Khan Abbasi II 1809 – 1827
Bahawal Khan Abbasi III 1827 – 1852
Sadeq Khan Abbasi III 1852 – 1853
Fath Mohammad Khan Abbasi 1853 – 1858
Rahim Yaar Khan Abbasi 1858 – 1866
Sadeq Khan Abbasi IV 1866 – 1899
Bahawal Khan Abbasi V 1899 – 1907
Sadeq Khan Abbasi V 1907 – 1955

Nawab of Punjab

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Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign
Adina Beg Khan
(1710 – 15 September 1758) 		  10 April 1758 – 15 September 1758

Patiala State (1761 – 1947)

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No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Enthronement Ref.
Sardars
1 Ala Singh
(1691 or 1695 – 1765) 		  1709 – 1765 ? [31]: 188–215 [32]
Maharajas
2 Amar Singh
(7 June 1748 – February 1781) 		  1765 – 1781 ? [27][32]
3 Sahib Singh
(18 August 1773 – 26 March 1813) 		  1781 – 1813 ? [27][32]
4 Karam Singh
(12 October 1797 – 23 December 1845) 		  1813 – 1845 30 June 1813 [27][32]
5 Narinder Singh
(26 October 1824 – 13 November 1862) 		  1845 – 1862 18 January 1846 [27]
6 Mahendra Singh
(16 September 1852 – 13 or 14 April 1876) 		  1862 – 1876 29 January 1863 [27]
7 Rajinder Singh
(25 May 1872 – 8 November 1900) 		  1876 – 1900 6 January 1877 [27]
8 Bhupinder Singh
(12 October 1891 – 1938) 		  1900 – 1938 ? [27]
9 Yadavindra Singh
(7 January 1913 – 17 June 1974) 		  1938 – 1974 ? [27]

Jind State (1763 – 1948)

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No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Enthronement Ref.
Sardars
1 Sukhchain Singh
(1683 – 1758) 		? ? – 1758 ? [31]
Rajas
2 Gajpat Singh
(15 April 1738 – 11 November 1789) 		  1758 – 1789 ? [33][27]
3 Bhag Singh
(23 September 1760 – 16 June 1819) 		  1789 – 1819 November 1789 [33][27]
4 Fateh Singh
(6 May 1789 – 3 February 1822) 		  1819 – 1822 ? [33][27]
5 Sangat Singh
(16 July 1810 – 4/5 November 1834) 		  1822 – 1834 30 July 1822 [33][27]
6 Swarup Singh
(30 May 1812 – 26 January 1864) 		  1834 – 1864 April 1837 [33][27]
7 Raghubir Singh
(1832 – 7 March 1887) 		  1864 – 1887 31 March 1864 [33][27]
8 Ranbir Singh
(11 October 1879 – 1 April 1948) 		  1887 – 1948 27 February 1888 [33][27][34]

Nabha State (1763 – 1947)

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No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Enthronement Ref.
Sardars
1 Hamir Singh
(died 1783) 		  1754 – 1783 ? [27]
Rajas
2 Jaswant Singh
(1775 – 22 May 1840) 		  1783 – 1840 ? [27]
3 Devinder Singh
(5 September 1822 – 14/15 November 1865) 		  1840 – 1846 15 October 1840 [27]
4 Bharpur Singh
(5 October 1840 – 9 November 1863) 		  1846 – 1863 ? [27]
5 Bhagwan Singh
(30 November 1842 – 31 May 1871) 		  1863 – 1871 17 February 1864 [27]
Maharajas
6 Hira Singh
(19 December 1843 – 24 December 1911) 		  1871 – 1911 10 August 1871 [27]
7 Ripudaman Singh
(4 March 1883 – 14 December 1942) 		  1911 – 1923 24 January 1912 [27]
8 Partap Singh
(21 September 1919 – 22 July 1995) 		  1923 – 1948 [27]

Kapurthala State (1772 – 1947)

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No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Ref.
Sardars
1 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(1718–1783) 		  1777 – 20 October 1783 [35][27]
2 Bagh Singh Ahluwalia
(1747–1801) 		  20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801 [citation needed]
Rajas
3 Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
(1784–1837) 		  10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837 [36][37][38]
4 Nihal Singh
(1817–1852) 		  20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852
5 Randhir Singh
(1831–1870) 		  13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861 [27]
Raja-i Rajgan
– Randhir Singh
(1831–1870) 		  12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870 [27]
6 Kharak Singh
(1850–1877) 		  2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877
7 Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949) 		  3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911 [27]
Maharajas
– Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949) 		  12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947 [27]
Titular
– Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949) 		  15 August 1947 – 19 June 1949 [27]
8 Paramjit Singh
9 Sukhjit Singh  

Sikh Empire (1799 – 1849)

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Sikh Empire at its greatest extent under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Main article: Sikh Empire
S. No. Name Portrait Birth and death Reign Note
1 Maharaja Ranjit Singh   13 November 1780 (Gujranwala) 27 June 1839 (Lahore) 12 April 1801 27 June 1839 38 years, 76 days The first Sikh ruler Stroke
2 Maharaja Kharak Singh   22 February 1801 (Lahore) 5 November 1840 (Lahore) 27 June 1839 8 October 1839 103 days Son of Ranjit Singh Poisoning
3 Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh   11 February 1820 (Lahore) 6 November 1840 (Lahore) 8 October 1839 6 November 1840 1 year, 29 days Son of Kharak Singh Assassinated
4 Maharani Chand Kaur
  1802 (Fatehgarh Churian) 11 June 1842 (Lahore) 6 November 1840 18 January 1841 73 days Wife of Kharak Singh and the only female ruler of Sikh Empire Abdicated
5 Maharaja Sher Singh   4 December 1807 (Batala) 15 September 1843 (Lahore) 18 January 1841 15 September 1843 2 years, 240 days Son of Ranjit Singh Assassinated
6 Maharaja Duleep Singh   6 September 1838 (Lahore) 22 October 1893 (Paris) 15 September 1843 29 March 1849 5 years, 195 days Son of Ranjit Singh Exiled
7 Maharani Jind Kaur
(regent; nominal) 		  1817 (Gujranwala) 1 August 1863 (Kensington) 15 September 1843 29 March 1849 5 years, 195 days Wife of Ranjit Singh Exiled

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Singh, Khushwant (2018-08-20). PUNJAB, PUNJABIS & PUNJABIYAT (HB) [Hardcover] KHUSHWANT SINGH. New Delhi: Aleph Book Company. ISBN 978-93-87561-40-3.
  2. ^ Gilley & Worthington 2010, p. 198.
  3. ^ Errington 1990, p. 60.
  4. ^ a b Adams 2010, pp. 216–218.
  5. ^ O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p. 453
  6. ^ Hartel, Herbert (2007). On The Cusp Of An Era Art In The Pre Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL. p. 324.
  7. ^ a b c The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69
  8. ^ Cribb & Donovan 2014, p. 4.
  9. ^ Tod, James (1829). Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India. Madras: Higginbotham and Co. 1873. ISBN 9788120603509.
  10. ^ "Indian states before 1947 A-J". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  11. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
  12. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
  13. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
  14. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
  15. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
  16. ^ Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1985). A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. Ajaya Prakashan.
  17. ^ Ahmad, Asghar (1986). Pakistan tourism directory, '86: everything about tourism. Holiday Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  18. ^ The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson, Volume IV, p. 493
  19. ^ "Saidpur has history, heritage of three eras". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  20. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  21. ^ Ali, Ammad (3 May 2020). "A forgotten tale: Bagh Jogian speaks of neglect, disinterest, threats from urbanisation | Footloose | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  22. ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  23. ^ a b Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.83
  24. ^ a b Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.90–93
  25. ^ a b Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.94
  26. ^ a b c d e f Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.94–96
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "KAPURTHALA". Royal Family of India. 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
  28. ^ a b Singh, Harbans. The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. 3: M-R. Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 107–8.
  29. ^ a b c d e f Singh, Bhagat (1993). "Chapter 13 - The Karorsinghia Misal". A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Patiala Punjabi University. pp. 175–185.
  30. ^ "History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion". 1914.
  31. ^ a b Singh, Bhagat (1993). "Chapter 14 - The Phulkian Misl". A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.
  32. ^ a b c d ANNE-COLOMBE “SAT KAUR” LAUNOIS. “Essence Du Pouvoir de Pattâlâ: Les Estrades Royales Du Qila Mubârak.” Arts Asiatiques, vol. 62, 2007, pp. 46–62. JSTOR, JSTOR 43486550. Accessed 15 Feb. 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Kumar, Vijender (2018-12-29). "Jind royal family scion passes away". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-02-07. The first king of the estate was Raja Gajpat Singh who died in 1789. After that Raja Bhag Singh took charge as king in 1789 and died in 1819. Next, Raja Fateh Singh ruled from till February 3, 1822, followed by Raja Sangat Singh from July 30, 1822, to November 1834. He was followed by Raja Sarup Singh till January 1864, Raja Raghubir Singh till 1887, Maharaja Ranbir Singh till 1948 and Rajbir Singh in 1948," Bhardwaj added.
  34. ^ Malik, Satyawan (25 January 2020). "Jind monuments a picture of neglect". The Tribune. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  35. ^ "Kapurthala". Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  36. ^ "History | Kapurthala Web Portal | India". Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  37. ^ A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej. Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941
  38. ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford : Clarendon press.

Sources

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