The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Haiti, following the end of the Haitian Revolution in Saint-Domingue which declared its independence from France on 1 January 1804 and became the world's first and oldest black-led republic in the Americas, the first Caribbean state and the first Latin American country as a whole in the Western Hemisphere after the United States (numbers may be approximate):
Massacres
edit| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jaragua massacre | July 1503 | Jaragua, Hispaniola | unknown | Killing of indigenous natives from the town of Xaragua on the island of Hispaniola |
| 1804 Haiti massacre | February 1804 – 22 April 1804 | All across the country | 3,000 to 5,000 | Genocide of Haiti's white population on the orders of the Haitian black general Jean-Jacques Dessalines.[1] |
| Virgins of Galindo | Several weeks after Haitian unification of 1822 | Santo Domingo, Haiti | 3 | Refers to three maiden sisters (aged 7–16) that were slaughtered and then raped and dismembered shortly after the assassination of their father, at the Galindo Manor, located outside the city walls of Santo Domingo believed to be committed by Haitian occupation soldiers,[2] but some archives suggest it was done by civilian men on both sides of the island.[3][4] |
| Les Cayes massacre | 6 December 1929 | Marchaterre, Les Cayes | 12-22 | United States Marine Corps troops fire upon a group of 1,500 Haitians in Les Cayes who were protesting against the United States occupation of Haiti |
| Fignolists massacre | 16-17 June 1957 | Haiti | unknown | After Kébreau's coup against Daniel Fignolé, the Haitian army massacred an unknown number of supporters of the deposed president.[5][6][7] |
| Massacre of 26 of April 1963 | 26 April 1963 | Port-au-Prince | 73 | Assassinations and arrests of dozens of alleged opponents of the Duvalier dictatorship and their families, mostly soldiers, before he declared himself "president for life" the following year.[8] |
| Massacre of the peasants of Mapou | July and August 1964 | Arrondissement of Belle-Anse, Southeast Haiti | 300-600 | In response to an incursion by 15 anti-Duvalier militants of the FARH (Forces Armées Révolutionnaires d’Haïti) on June 29, the Haitian army, the militia, the paramilitary forces, death squads and the secret police known as the Tonton Macoutes (Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale, VSN) killed several hundred residents of the towns of Thiotte, Grand-Gosier, Belle-Anse (Saltrou) and Anse-a-Pitres on the orders of the Haitian dictator François Duvalier (Papa Doc). The largest numbers of killings occurred in Mapou, a section of Belle-Anse, including at least 45 members of the Madoumbe family. Nineteen members of the family Fandal were shot, mainly in Thiotte. Government forces never successfully engaged the rebels, who abandoned their efforts in August 1964. Arbitrary executions continued to be frequent through 1965.[9][10] |
| Jérémie Vespers | August through October 1964 | Jérémie, Grand Anse, Haiti | 27 | All members of several Jeremie families were executed in retaliation for the attempted guerrilla incursion in August by 13 members of "Jeune Haiti." Children and elderly people were amongst those murdered by the army, the secret police, private militia and other elements of François Duvalier dictatorship. |
| Fort Dimanche massacre | 26 April 1986 | Fort Dimanche, Port-au-Prince | 11-15[11][6] | Soldiers opened fire on demonstrators during a mass in memory of the victims of the 1963 massacre in front of Fort Dimanche facilities in Port-au-Prince, which caused numerous victims. |
| Jean-Rabel massacre | 23 July 1987 | Jean-Rabel | 139-200[12][6] | Battle between wealthy landowners and a land-reform group |
| Haitian general election, 1987 | November 1987 | All across the country | 30-300.[13] | Attacks on voters.[13] |
| St. Jean Bosco massacre | 11 September 1988 | Port-au-Prince | 13-150.[6][14] | Politically motivated attack on a church service, which was being led by future-President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who was a priest at the time.[15] |
| Pétionville bombing | 5 December 1990 | Pétion-Ville, Ouest Port-au-Prince | 5-7 | [16][17][18][19] |
| Raboteau massacre | 22 April 1994 | Gonaïves | 8-15[20] | Massacre of civilian demonstrators.[21] |
| 2018 Port-au-Prince massacre | 13–18 November 2018 | La Saline, Port-au-Prince | 71 | Massacre of civilians by masked men [22] |
| Croix-des-Bouquets jailbreak | 25 February 2021 | Croix-des-Bouquets, Ouest | 26 | More than 400 prisoners escaped during the jailbreak |
| Bel Air massacre | 27 August 2020 - 15 May 2021 | Belair, Port-au-Prince | 81 | 16 Wounded |
| Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac | 24 April and 6 May 2022 | Plaine du Cul-de-Sac, Port-au-Prince | 200 | Clashes broke out between the 400 Mawozo gang and the Chen Mechan gang, Nearly 200 people were killed, many of whom were civilians. |
| 2022 Port-au-Prince gang battles | 8-9 July 2022 | Port-au-Prince | 89 | Outbreak of gang violence occurred in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince, leaving 89 people dead and over 74 injured |
| 2022 Cabaret attack | 28-29 November 2022 | Cabaret | 20+ | 20 people were killed by armed gangs in the town of Cabaret, a suburb of the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince. |
| 2024 Pont-Sondé attack | 3 October 2024 | Pont-Sondé, Artibonite department | 115+ | Armed gunmen from the Gran Grif gang commit a mass shooting with automatic rifles and a series of arson attacks in the town of Pont-Sondé, killing 115+ people and seriously injuring 50 others |
| 2024 Cité Soleil massacre | 6-7 December 2024 | Cité Soleil, Port-au-Prince | 110+ | Massacre of elderly practitioners of Haitian Vodou. |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jeremy D. Popkin (2010-02-15). Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection. University of Chicago Press. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-0-226-67585-5. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
- ^ Guerra Sánchez, Antonio José Ignacio (17 March 2007). "Toponimia y Genealogía: Galindo o Barrio de Mejoramiento Social (11 de 15)". Cápsulas Genealógicas en Areíto (in Spanish). Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ García Peña, Lorgia. "Black monsters and white virgins: a narration of the Dominican nation". Dominicanidad in Contra(diction).
- ^ "La representación cambiante de Haití" (PDF). Revista Estudios Sociales (in Spanish) (151). Centro Bonó: 66–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
- ^ "Fignolists massacre". Potomitan. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Massacres perpetrated in the 20th Century in Haiti". Sciences Po. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ Un triste anniversaire à signaler : Le massacre des partisans de Fignolé - Haiti en Marche
- ^ Louis Historien, James (May 3, 2023). "26 avril 2023, 60 ans après l'attentat contre les enfants de Duvalier". Le National (in French). Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ Diederich, Bernard (2011). The Price of Blood: History of Repression and Rebellion in Haiti Under Dr François Duvalier, 1957-1962. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 978-1558765290.
- ^ "Haïti-Dictature : En souvenir du massacre, en 1964, de paysans dans le Sud-Est". www.alterpresse.org (in French). February 24, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ "26 avril 1963-26 avril 1986 souvenons-nous !". Collectif Haïti France (in French). Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ "200 Died in Massacre in Haiti - The New York Times". The New York Times. 30 August 1987. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ a b Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996), "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti", Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, Vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996), pp. 303-332. p319
- ^ Tom Block, October 1990, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide Archived 2012-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ IACHR, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti Archived 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.74 doc. 9 rev. 1, 7 September 1988
- ^ "Attack on Leftist Campaign Rally Leaves 5 Haitians Dead, 54 Hurt - The New York Times". The New York Times. 6 December 1990. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "UA/SC UA 494/90 Fear of Extrajudicial Execution 6 December" (PDF).
- ^ "WILL HISTORY REPEAT ITSELF??? ARISTIDE LAVALAS PLAN DECEMBER 5 DEMONSTRATION MARCH IN MEMORY OF DEAD AND INJURED FROM DEC. 5, 1990 BOMB BLAST IN PETION-VILLE SET OFF ON ARISTIDE'S ORDERS TO GAIN SYMPATHY AND WIN ELECTION!!! A 2014 BLAST TO EMBARRASS MARTELLY – LAMOTHE??? – HAITIAN-TRUTH.ORG Proud to be Haiti's most informative NEWS site". www.haitian-truth.org. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "HAITI : la campagne pour l'élection du 16 décembre Un attentat contre des partisans du Père Aristide a fait au moins cinq morts". Le Monde (in French). 7 December 1990. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Soldiers get life for Haiti massacre". BBC News. November 10, 2000. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ "Ex-soldiers found guilty in Haiti massacre". The Cincinnati Post. Associated Press. November 11, 2000. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ "Witnesses: Men in Police Garb Massacred Civilians in Haiti". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.