Marine mammals comprise over 130 living and recently extinct species in three taxonomic orders. The Society for Marine Mammalogy, an international scientific society, maintains a list of valid species and subspecies, most recently updated in October 2015.[1] This list follows the Society's taxonomy regarding and subspecies.
Conservation status codes listed follow the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 19 January 2015[2]) and are clickable to link to IUCN Red List species pages.
EX - extinct
EW - extinct in the wild |
 |
Order Cetartiodactyla
editFootnote on use of Cetartiodactyla[a]
- North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis EN
- North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica EN
- Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis LC
- Bowhead whale or Greenland right whale, Balaena mysticetus LC
- Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata LC (ssp. acutorostrata - North Atlantic minke whale NE, ssp. scammoni - North Pacific minke whale NE, unnamed ssp. dwarf minke whale NE)
- Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis DD
- Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis EN (ssp. borealis - northern sei whale NE, ssp. schlegellii - southern sei whale NE)
- Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni DD (ssp. brydei - Bryde's whale NE, ssp. edeni - Eden's whale NE )
- Omura's whale, Balaenoptera omurai DD
- Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus EN (ssp. musculus - northern blue whale NE, ssp. brevicauda - pygmy blue whale DD, ssp. intermedia - southern blue whale CR, ssp. indica - great Indian blue whale NE)
- Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus EN (ssp. patachonica pygmy fin whale NE, ssp. physalus - northern fin whale NE but Mediterranean Subpopulation VU, ssp. quoyi - southern fin whale NE)
- Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae LC (ssp. novaeangliae North Atlantic humpback whale NE, ssp. kuzira - North Pacific humpback whale NE, ssp. australis - southern humpback whale NE but Oceania subpopulation EN, isolated subpopulation in Arabian Sea EN)
- Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata DD
- Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus LC
- Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus VU
- Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps DD
- Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus DD
- Arnoux's beaked whale, Berardius arnuxii
- Baird's beaked whale, Berardius bairdii DD
- Sato's beaked whale, Berardius minimus NT
- Northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus DD
- Southern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon planifrons LC
- Tropical bottlenose whale, Indopacetus pacificus DD
- Sowerby's beaked whale, Mesoplodon bidens DD
- Andrews' beaked whale, Mesoplodon bowdoini DD
- Hubbs' beaked whale, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi DD
- Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris DD
- Gervais' beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus DD
- Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD
- Gray's beaked whale, Mesoplodon grayi DD
- Hector's beaked whale, Mesoplodon hectori DD
- Deraniyagala's beaked whale, Mesoplodon hotaula NE
- Strap-toothed whale, Mesoplodon layardii DD
- True's beaked whale, Mesoplodon mirus DD
- Perrin's beaked whale, Mesoplodon perrini DD
- Pygmy beaked whale, Mesoplodon peruvianus DD
- Stejneger's beaked whale, Mesoplodon stejnegeri DD
- Spade-toothed whale, Mesoplodon traversii DD
- Shepherd's beaked whale, Tasmacetus shepherdi DD
- Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris LC
- Ganges river dolphin, Platanista gangetica EN
- Indus river dolphin, Platanista minor EN
- Amazon river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis DD (ssp. geoffrensis - common boto NE, ssp. boliviensis - Bolivian bufeo NE)
- La Plata dolphin (Franciscana), Pontoporia blainvillei VU
- Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii DD (ssp. commersonii - Commerson's dolphin NE, ssp. kerguelenensis - Kerguelen Islands Commerson’s dolphin NE)
- Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropia NT
- Heaviside's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii DD
- Hector's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus hectori (ssp. hectori - South Island Hector’s dolphin EN, ssp. maui - Maui's dolphin or North Island Hector’s dolphin CR)
- Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis DD (ssp. capensis - long-beaked common dolphin NE, ssp. tropicalis - Indo-Pacific common dolphin NE)
- Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis LC (ssp. delphis - short-beaked common dolphin Mediterranean Subpopulation EN, ssp. ponticus - Black Sea common dolphin VU)
- Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata DD
- Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus DD
- Long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas DD (ssp. edwardii - southern long-finned pilot whale NE, ssp. melas - North Atlantic long-finned pilot whale NE, unnamed spp. - North Pacific long-finned pilot whale EX)
- Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus LC
- Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei LC
- White-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris LC
- Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus LC
- Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis DD
- Hourglass dolphin, Lagenorhynchus cruciger LC
- Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens LC
- Dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus DD (ssp. fitzroyi - Fitzroy’s dolphin NE, ssp. obscurus - African dusky dolphin NE, ssp. posidonia - Chilean dusky dolphin NE, unnamed spp. - New Zealand dusky dolphin NE)
- Northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis LC
- Southern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii DD
- Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris VU
- Australian snubfin dolphin, Orcaella heinsohni NT
- Orca (killer whale), Orcinus orca DD (unnamed ssp. - resident killer whale NE, unnamed ssp. transient killer whale NE)
- Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra LC
- False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens DD
- Atlantic humpback dolphin, Sousa teuszii VU
- Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin, Sousa chinensis NT, (ssp. chinensis - Chinese humpback dolphin NE, ssp. taiwanensis - Taiwanese humpback dolphins NE)
- Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbea NE
- Australian humpback dolphin, Sousa sahulensis NE
- Tucuxi, Sotalia fluvialis DD
- Guiana dolphin (Costero), Sotalia guianensis DD
- Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata LC (ssp. attenuata - Offshore pantropical spotted dolphin NE, ssp. graffmani - Coastal pantropical spotted dolphin NE)
- Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene DD
- Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba LC
- Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis DD
- Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris DD (ssp. centroamericana - Central American spinner dolphin NE, ssp. longirostris - Gray’s spinner dolphin NE, ssp. orientalis - Eastern spinner dolphin VU, ssp. roseiventris - dwarf spinner dolphin NE)
- Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis LC
- Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus DD
- Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus LC (ssp. truncatus - Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Fiordland subpopulation CR and Mediterranean subpopulation VU, ssp. gillii - Pacific bottlenose dolphin, ssp. poncticus - Black Sea bottlenose dolphin CR)
- Burrunan dolphin, Tursiops australis NE
- Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides VU
- Narrow-ridged finless porpoise, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis VU, (spp. asiaeorientalis - Yangtze finless porpoise CR, ssp. sumameri - East Asian finless porpoise (sunameri) NE)
- Spectacled porpoise, Phocoena dioptrica DD
- Harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena LC (Baltic Sea subpopoulation CR) (ssp. phocoena - Atlantic harbour porpoise NE, ssp. vomerina - Eastern Pacific harbour porpoise NE, ssp. relicta - Black Sea harbour porpoise EN, unnamed ssp. Western Pacific harbour porpoise NE)
- Vaquita, Phocoena sinus CR
- Burmeister's porpoise, Phocoena spinipinnis DD
- Dall’s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli LC (ssp. dalli - Dalli-type Dall’s porpoise NE, ssp. truei - Truei-type Dall’s porpoiseNE)
- Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis VU
- West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus VU (ssp. latirostris - Florida manatee EN, ssp. manatus - Antillean manatee EN)
- African manatee, Trichechus senegalensis VU
- Dugong, Dugong dugon VU
- Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas EX
- Brown fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus LC (ssp. pusillus - Cape fur seal NE, ssp. doriferus - Australian fur seal NE)
- South American fur seal, Arctophoca australis LC (ssp. australis - South American fur seal NE, unnamed ssp. - Peruvian fur seal NE)
- New Zealand fur seal, Arctophoca forsteri LC
- Galápagos fur seal, Arctophoca galapagoensis EN
- Antarctic fur seal, Arctophoca gazella LC
- Juan Fernández fur seal, Arctophoca philippii LC
- Guadalupe fur seal, Arctophoca townsendi LC
- Subantarctic fur seal, Arctophoca tropicalis LC
- Northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus VU
- Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus NT (ssp. jubatus - western Steller sea lion EN, ssp. monteriensis - Loughlin’s Steller sea lion LC)
- Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea EN
- South American sea lion, Otaria byronia LC
- New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri EN
- California sea lion, Zalophus californianus LC
- Japanese sea lion, Zalophus japonicus EX
- Galápagos sea lion, Zalophus wollebaeki EN
- Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus DD (ssp. divergens - Pacific walrus NE, ssp. rosmarus - Atlantic walrus NE)
- Hooded seal, Cystophora cristata VU
- Bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus LC (ssp. barbatus - Atlantic bearded seal NE, ssp. nauticus - Pacific bearded seal NE)
- Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus LC (ssp. grypus - Western Atlantic grey seal NE, ssp. macrorhynchus - Eastern Atlantic grey seal NE)
- Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata DD
- Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx LC
- Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii LC
- Crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophagus LC
- Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina LC
- Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris LC
- Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachus VU
- Hawaiian monk seal, Neomonachus schauinslandi CR
- Caribbean monk seal, Neomonachus tropicalis EX
- Ross seal, Ommatophoca rossii LC
- Harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus LC
- Harbor seal, Phoca vitulina LC (ssp. vitulina - Atlantic harbor seal NE, ssp. mellonae - Ungava harbor seal NE, ssp. richardii - Pacific harbour seal NE)
- Spotted seal, Phoca largha DD
- Ringed seal, Pusa hispida LC (ssp. hispida - Arctic ringed seal NE, ssp. botnica - Baltic ringed seal NE , ssp. ochotensis - Okhotsk ringed seal NE, ssp. ladogensis - Lake Logoda ringed seal NE, ssp. saimensis - Saima seal )
- Caspian seal, Pusa caspica EN
- Baikal seal, Pusa sibirica LC
- Polar bear, Ursus maritimus VU
- Sea otter, Enhydra lutris EN (ssp. kenyoni - northern sea otter NE, ssp. lutris - common sea otter NE, ssp. nereis - southern sea otter NE)
- Marine otter, Lontra felina EN
- Sea mink, Neovison macrodon EX
See also
edit
Footnotes
edit- ^ The use of Order Cetartiodactyla, instead of Cetacea with Suborders Odontoceti and Mysticeti, is favored by most evolutionary mammalogists working with molecular data[3][4][5][6] and is supported by the IUCN Cetacean Specialist Group[7] and by the Taxonomy Committee[8] of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, the largest international association of marine mammal scientists in the world. See Cetartiodactyla and Marine mammal articles for further discussion.
References
edit- ^ "The Society for Marine Mammalogy's Taxonomy Committee List of Species and Subspecies". Society for Marine Mammalogy. October 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ Agnarsson, I.; May-Collado, LJ. (2008). "The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 48 (3): 964–985. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046. PMID 18590827.
- ^ Price, SA.; Bininda-Emonds, OR.; Gittleman, JL. (2005). "A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals – Cetartiodactyla". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 80 (3): 445–473. doi:10.1017/s1464793105006743. PMID 16094808. S2CID 45056197.
- ^ Montgelard, C.; Catzeflis, FM.; Douzery, E. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA mitochondrial sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (5): 550–559. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792. PMID 9159933.
- ^ Spaulding, M.; O'Leary, MA.; Gatesy, J. (2009). "Relationships of Cetacea -Artiodactyla- Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7062. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062. PMC 2740860. PMID 19774069.
- ^ Cetacean Species and Taxonomy. iucn-csg.org
- ^ "The Society for Marine Mammalogy's Taxonomy Committee List of Species and subspecies" Archived 2015-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Samuel T Turvey; Robert L Pitman; Barbara L Taylor; Jay Barlow; Tomonari Akamatsu; Leigh A Barrett; Xiujiang Zhao; Randall R Reeves; Brent S Stewart; Kexiong Wang; Zhuo Wei; Xianfeng Zhang; L.T Pusser; Michael Richlen; John R Brandon; Ding Wang (2007). "First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?". Biology Letters. 3 (5): 537–540. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. PMC 2391192. PMID 17686754.