Wikipedia

List of human disease case fatality rates

Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate). It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease. IFR cannot be higher than the CFR and is often much lower, but is also much harder to calculate. This data is based on optimally treated patients and excludes isolated cases or minor outbreaks, unless otherwise indicated.

Key
No treatment or cure Viral disease
No cure Bacterial disease
Unvaccinated Amoebic disease
Untreated Fungal disease
Vaccinated/treated Parasitic disease
Co-infection Prion
Disease Type Treatment stage[clarification needed] CFR Notes Reference(s)
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy Prion No treatment and no cure[1] 100%[2] Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy and others. [3] No cases of survival, invariably fatal.
Rabies Viral Unvaccinated ≈100%[4] Preventable with vaccine and PEP but once symptoms manifest, there is no cure and the CFR is greater than 99%. 4 known people who survived were simply vaccinated too late,[5] after symptoms started; more recently, at least 3 individuals have survived after being placed in a medically induced coma, however this protocol has since been disputed.[6] 29 known cases of survival [citation needed]
Plague, pneumonic Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated ≈100% [7]: 58 
Nipah virus Viral Untreated 100% The rate drops to 40-75% if treated
African trypanosomiasis Parasitic (protozoan) Untreated >99% Without treatment this disease is nearly invariably fatal due to its parasitic and extremely debilitating nature[8] [9]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic (protozoan) Untreated >99% [10]
Naegleriasis Amoebic Untreated ≈98.5% From 1962 to 2022 there have been 157 recorded cases of the infection in United States, only 4 of those 157 individuals survived the disease. A combination of drugs have shown effectiveness in survivors. [11]
Glanders, septicemic Bacterial Untreated 95% The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment. [12]
Smallpox Variola major – specifically the malignant (flat) or hemorrhagic type Viral Untreated ≈95% The rate dropped significantly to 10% with effective treatments.
Eradicated. 		[7]: 28 
[13]
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis Amoebic No cure[14] 90% 150 cases worldwide, only < 10 survivors have been identified. [15][16]
HIV/AIDS Viral Untreated 90% [17]: 1 
Anthrax, pulmonary Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated > 85% Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.
Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further. 		[7]: 88 
Lujo virus Viral 80% [18]
B virus Viral Untreated ≈80% Early treatment including aciclovir can improve prognosis. [19]
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form Fungal Opportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immuno-
compromised 		[50–90]% [20]
Smallpox, Variola major – in pregnant women Viral Unvaccinated > 65% Eradicated. [7]: 88 
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Viral ≈53% [21]
Mucormycosis (Black fungus) Fungal [40–80]% [22]
Tularemia, pneumonic Bacterial Untreated ≤ 60% [7]: 78 
Ebola – specifically EBOV Viral Unvaccinated and untreated [25–90]% Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak. [23][24]
Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined Viral Untreated [23–90]% 23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae [25][26]
Cryptococcal meningitis Fungal Co-infection with HIV [40–60]% 6 month mortality is >=60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotericin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries. [27]
Anthrax, gastrointestinal Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated > 50% [7]: 27 
Tetanus, Generalized Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated 50% CFR drops to [10–20]% with effective treatment. [28]
Tuberculosis, HIV Negative Bacterial Vaccinated 43% Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. [29]
Plague, septicemic Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [30–50]% [7]: 58 
Baylisascariasis Parasitic (helminthous) ≈40% With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented [30]
Hantavirus infection Viral 36% Ribavirin may be a drug for HPS and HFRS but its effectiveness remains unknown, still, spontaneous recovery is possible with supportive treatment.
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Viral 34% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae [31]
Eastern equine encephalitis Viral ≈33% [32]
Bubonic plague Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [5–60]% [7]: 57 
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type Bacterial [10–50]% [7]: 27 
Smallpox, Variola major Viral Unvaccinated 30% [7]: 88 
Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns Viral Untreated ≈30% Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery. [17]: 110 
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) Viral Untreated 26% Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue.[33] [34]
Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) Viral No cure [15–30]% No specific treatment; usually involves supportive care. [35]
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Viral Untreated ≈21% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales [36]
Tularemia, typhoidal Bacterial Untreated [3–35]% [7]: 77 
Leptospirosis Bacterial <[5–30]% [17]: 352 
Meningococcal disease Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [10–20]% [37]
Typhoid fever Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [10–20]% [17]: 665 
Legionellosis Bacterial ≈15% [17]: 665 
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Viral 11% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae. [38]
Intestinal capillariasis Parasitic (helminthous) Untreated ≈10% [39]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic (protozoan) ≈10% [40]
Botulism Bacterial toxin Treated < 10% Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ≈50% [41]
Diphtheria, respiratory Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated ≈[5-10]% [42]
Yellow fever Viral Unvaccinated 7.5% [43]
Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries Bacterial Unvaccinated ≈3.7% [17]: 456 
Smallpox, Variola major Viral Vaccinated 3% [7]: 88 
Cholera, in Africa Bacterial ≈[2–3]% With proper treatment, may be less than 1%, while without treatment may reach 50% [44][45][46][47][48]
1918 (Spanish) flu Viral Treated [2.5-9.7]% varies with population, up to 22% in Western Samoa [49][50][51]
Angiostrongyliasis Parasitic (helminthous) ≈2.4% From Hawaiian cases. [52]
Measles (rubeola), in developing countries Viral Unvaccinated ≈[1–3]% May reach [10–30]% in some localities. [17]: 431 
Brucellosis Bacterial Untreated ≤ 2% [17]: 87 
Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old Viral Unvaccinated ≈1.8% [17]: 278 
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Viral Unvaccinated &
Treated with unspecific treatments 		0.5-2% Depends largely on the age group of the person, earlier strains of COVID-19 had higher CFR of around 2%.[53][54] [55]
Lassa fever Viral Treated ≈1% 15% in hospitalized patients; higher in some epidemics. [56]
Mumps encephalitis Viral Unvaccinated ≈1% [17]: 431 
Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countries Bacterial Unvaccinated ≈1% For children 1–4 years old. [17]: 456 
Smallpox, Variola minor Viral Unvaccinated 1% [7]: 87–88 
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Viral < 1% [7]: 97–98 
Anthrax, cutaneous Bacterial < 1% [7]: 27 
Seasonal Influenza, Worldwide Viral Largely unvaccinated,
Treated 		< 0.1–0.5%[failed verification] Depends largely on the age group of the people. [57]
Malaria Parasitic (protozoan) ≈0.3% [58]
Hepatitis A Viral Unvaccinated [0.1–0.3]% [17]: 278 
Polio Viral Without artificial breathing support ≈0.1%, varies by age: 2-5% for children and up to 15-30% for adults 0.5% of all infected become paralysed. Of those, about [10–20]% die. [59][60]
Asian (1956–58) flu Viral ≈0.1% [61]
Hong Kong (1968–69) flu Viral ≈0.1% [61]
Influenza A, typical pandemics Viral < 0.1% [49]
Varicella (chickenpox), adults Viral Unvaccinated 0.02% [17]: 110 
Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years old Viral 0.01% [62]
Varicella (chickenpox), children Viral Unvaccinated 0.001% [17]: 110 

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD): Symptoms & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  2. ^ Weiss, Cynthia (27 June 2021). "Sharing Mayo Clinic: Back from the brink and overcoming a rare neurologic disorder". Mayo Clinic News Network. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. ^ Krance SH, Luke R, Shenouda M, Israwi AR, Colpitts SJ, Darwish L, et al. (January 2020). "Cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics: Progress and challenges". Journal of Neurochemistry. 153 (2): 150–172. doi:10.1111/jnc.14956. PMID 31943194.
  4. ^ "Deadliest diseases ranked?". CBS news. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  5. ^ "Is Rabies Really 100% Fatal? | Viruses101 | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  6. ^ Jackson, AC (November 2016). "Human Rabies: a 2016 Update". Current Infectious Disease Reports. 18 (11): 38. doi:10.1007/s11908-016-0540-y. PMID 27730539.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o USAMRIID (2011). USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (PDF) (7th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160900150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  8. ^ "CDC - African Trypanosomiasis - General Information - East African Trypanosomiasis FAQs". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  9. ^ "African Sleeping Sickness". Seattle Biomed. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  10. ^ World Health Organization, (2013) "Health Topics: Leishmaniasis." Archived 2016-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "General Information | Naegleria fowleri". CDC. 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  12. ^ "Department of Agriculture | Glanders". www.nj.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  13. ^ "Smallpox Disease and Its Clinical Management" (PDF). From the training course titled "Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention" (www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  14. ^ Baig AM (December 2014). "Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: ghost response of an immunocompromised host?". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 63 (Pt 12): 1763–1766. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.081315-0. PMID 25239626. S2CID 28069984.
  15. ^ Umar, Imram; Kolyvas, George; Visvesvara, Govinda S.; Bilbao, Juan; Guiot, Marie-Christine; Duplisea, Kevin; Qvarnstrom, Yvonne; Webster, Duncan (3 October 2012). "Treatment of Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis with Voriconazole and Miltefosine in an Immunocompetent Soldier". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 87 (4): 715–718. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0100. PMC 3516325. PMID 22869634.
  16. ^ Keane, Niamh A.; Lane, Louise Marie; Canniff, Emma; Hare, Daniel; Doran, Simon; Wallace, Eugene; Hutchinson, Siobhan; Healy, Marie-Louise; Hennessy, Brian; Meaney, Jim; Chiodini, Peter; O’Connell, Brian; Beausang, Alan; Vandenberghe, Elisabeth (30 June 2020). "A Surviving Case of Acanthamoeba Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis in a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient". American Journal of Case Reports. 21: e923219. doi:10.12659/AJCR.923219. PMC 7347033. PMID 32603318.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Heymann DL, ed. (2008). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (19th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0-87553-189-2.
  18. ^ "Discovery of new arenavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever – first identified in nearly four decades". News-Medical. 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  19. ^ Liu D (2014-04-08). Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins. CRC Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4665-5396-5. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  20. ^ Kousha, M.; Tadi, R.; Soubani, A. O. (31 August 2011). "Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical review". European Respiratory Review. 20 (121): 156–174. doi:10.1183/09059180.00001011. PMC 9584108. PMID 21881144.
  21. ^ "Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2021". World Health Organization. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  22. ^ "Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium" (PDF). European Confederation of Medical Mycology. 4 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  23. ^ "Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103". World Health Organization. March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  24. ^ Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. (2005). Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-0-08057-548-3. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
  25. ^ Jacob, H.; Solcher, H. (1968). "Über eine durch grüne Meerkatzen (Cercopithecus aethiops) übertragene, zu Gliaknötchenencephalitis führende Infektionskrankheit ('Marburger Krankheit')" [An infectious disease transmitted by Cercopithecus aethiops ('marbury disease') with glial nodule encephalitis]. Acta Neuropathologica (in German). 11 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1007/BF00692793. PMID 5748997.
  26. ^ Hovette, P (2005). "Epidémie de fièvre hémorragique à virus marburg en Angola" [Epidemic of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola]. Médecine Tropicale (in French). 65 (2): 127–8. PMID 16038348.
  27. ^ Rajasingham R, Rolfes MA, Birkenkamp KE, Meya DB, Boulware DR (25 September 2012). "Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis". PLOS Medicine. 9 (9): e1001316. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001316. PMC 3463510. PMID 23055838.
  28. ^ Hinfey, Patrick B (Jan 18, 2019). "What is the mortality rate for tetanus (lockjaw)?". Medscape. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  29. ^ Tiemersma EW, van der Werf MJ, Borgdorff MW, Williams BG, Nagelkerke NJ (April 2011). "Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e17601. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617601T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017601. PMC 3070694. PMID 21483732.
  30. ^ Kazacos KR (2016). Abbott RC, Van Riper C (eds.). "Baylisascaris Larva Migrans". Circular 1412. Circular: 136. Bibcode:2016usgs.rept....1K. doi:10.3133/cir1412. Archived from the original on 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  31. ^ "MERS situation update". WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  32. ^ "Eastern Equine Encephalitis | Eastern Equine Encephalitis | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  33. ^ "Dengue and severe dengue". World Health Organization. Fact sheet N°117. March 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-09-02. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
  34. ^ Ranjit S, Kissoon N (January 2011). "Dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndromes". Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 12 (1): 90–100. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e911a7. PMID 20639791. S2CID 10135251.
  35. ^ Niven, D. J.; Afra, K.; Iftinca, M.; Tellier, R.; Fonseca, K.; Kramer, A.; Safronetz, D.; Holloway, K.; Drebot, M.; Johnson, A. S. (2017). "Fatal Infection with Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus Imported from Australia to Canada, 2011". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (2): 280–283. doi:10.3201/eid2302.161161. PMC 5324805. PMID 28098530.
  36. ^ Alonso DO, Iglesias A, Coelho R, Periolo N, Bruno A, Córdoba MT, et al. (July 2019). "Epidemiological description, case-fatality rate, and trends of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: 9 years of surveillance in Argentina". Journal of Medical Virology. 91 (7): 1173–1181. doi:10.1002/jmv.25446. hdl:11336/132489. PMID 30840775. S2CID 73484756.
  37. ^ Ghuneim, Nedal; Dheir, Majdi; Issawi, Fouad (December 2013). "Incidence and case-fatality rate of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in the Gaza Strip, occupied Palestinian territory, during 2011". The Lancet. 382: S12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62584-2. S2CID 54396333.
  38. ^ "Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)" (PDF). Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization. 2003. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  39. ^ Bernstein D. "Intestinal Parasite Infections From Roundworms – Description, Diagnosis, Treatment". Fungus Focus. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  40. ^ "Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR): Parasitic Diseases – Leishmaniasis". World Health Organization. 2013. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006.
  41. ^ Shapiro, Roger L. (1998-08-01). "Botulism in the United States: A Clinical and Epidemiologic Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 129 (3): 221–228. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00011. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 9696731. S2CID 23705912.
  42. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (7 February 2011) "Diphtheria." Archived 2016-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "Yellow fever". Fact sheets. World Health Organization. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  44. ^ Nsubuga, Fred; Garang, Stephen Chol; Tut, Mathew; Oguttu, David; Lubajo, Robert; Lodiongo, Dennis; Lasuba, Michael; Mpairwe, Allan (3 January 2019). "Epidemiological description of a protracted cholera outbreak in Tonj East and Tonj North counties, former Warrap State, South Sudan, May-Oct 2017". BMC Infectious Diseases. 19 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3640-5. PMC 6318988. PMID 30606126.
  45. ^ Msyamboza, Kelias Phiri; Kagoli, Mathew; M'bang'ombe, Maurice; Chipeta, Sikhona; Masuku, Humphrey Dzanjo (11 June 2014). "Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998-2012: social and cultural challenges in prevention and control". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 8 (6): 720–726. doi:10.3855/jidc.3506. PMID 24916870.
  46. ^ Noora, Charles Lwanga; Issah, Kofi; Kenu, Ernest; Bachan, Emmanuel George; Nuoh, Robert Domo; Nyarko, Kofi Mensah; Appiah, Paulina; Letsa, Timothy (10 August 2017). "Large cholera outbreak in Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana". BMC Research Notes. 10 (1): 389. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2728-0. PMC 5553860. PMID 28797285.
  47. ^ Alkassoum, S I; Djibo, I; Amadou, H; Bohari, A; Issoufou, H; Aka, J; Mamadou, S (May 2019). "The global burden of cholera outbreaks in Niger: an analysis of the national surveillance data, 2003–2015". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 113 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1093/trstmh/try145. PMID 30715523.
  48. ^ Clemens, John D; Nair, G Balakrish; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Qadri, Firdausi; Holmgren, Jan (September 2017). "Cholera". The Lancet. 390 (10101): 1539–1549. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30559-7. PMID 28302312. S2CID 208787765.
  49. ^ a b Taubenberger, Jeffery K.; Morens, David M. (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711.
  50. ^ Hong NH (2015). "Epidemic Analysis of 1918 Influenza in China – Research on Huolu County in Zhili Province". Historical Research in Auhui.
  51. ^ Kohn GC (2007). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present (3rd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015 – via Google Books.
  52. ^ Johnston DI, Dixon MC, Elm JL, Calimlim PS, Sciulli RH, Park SY (September 2019). "Review of Cases of Angiostrongyliasis in Hawaii, 2007-2017". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (3): 608–616. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0280. PMC 6726938. PMID 31287041.
  53. ^ "Estimating mortality from COVID-19". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  54. ^ Mathieu, Edouard; Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2020–2024). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  55. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; MacDonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Roser, Max (August 23, 2021). "Mortality Risk of COVID-19". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  56. ^ "Lassa fever". World Health Organization. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  57. ^ Iuliano, A Danielle; Roguski, Katherine M; Chang, Howard H; Muscatello, David J; Palekar, Rakhee; Tempia, Stefano; Cohen, Cheryl; Gran, Jon Michael; Schanzer, Dena; Cowling, Benjamin J; Wu, Peng (March 2018). "Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study". The Lancet. 391 (10127): 1285–1300. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33293-2. PMC 5935243. PMID 29248255.
  58. ^ "Malaria". WHO. WHO. December 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 14 Jan 2015.
  59. ^ "Poliomyelitis". WHO. WHO. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  60. ^ Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, eds. (2015), "Poliomyelitis", Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th ed.), Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, (chap. 18), archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
  61. ^ a b Li, F C K; Choi, B C K; Sly, T; Pak, A W P (1 June 2008). "Finding the real case-fatality rate of H5N1 avian influenza". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 62 (6): 555–559. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.064030. PMID 18477756. S2CID 34200426.
  62. ^ Wang X, Wu X, Jia L, Li X, Li J, Li S, Qian H, Wang Q (August 2014). "Estimating the number of hand, foot and mouth disease amongst children aged under-five in Beijing during 2012, based on a telephone survey of healthcare seeking behavior". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14: 437. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-437. PMC 4149051. PMID 25117760.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=List_of_human_disease_case_fatality_rates&oldid=1254890421"