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List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies

Twenty-two people are recorded as having produced fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film,[1] and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct.[a][2] Altogether, they are credited for 93 of all known films produced in the Indies, and four of them remained active after independence. All were men; the first female film producer in Indonesia, Ratna Asmara, produced her first film in 1953.[3]

The colony's first producer, Heuveldorp, was of European descent.[4] He was followed in 1928 by the ethnic Chinese businessmen Tjan Tjoen Lian and Liem Goan Lian, who began work on Lily van Java but soon pulled out, to be replaced by David Wong.[5] By 1930 Chinese producers had dominated the industry. The most active of these, The Teng Chun, made his debut in 1931 with Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang; he would go on to produce another 27 films before independence.[6] No native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies.[7]

Producers in the Indies would often handle multiple roles, such as director and cinematographer. When these positions were filled separately, the producer retained creative control.[8] The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that works produced during this time were emphatically commercial, not paying attention to nationalistic or aesthetic values.[b][9] However, the film scholars Thomas Barker and Charlotte Setijadi-Dunn suggest that the Chinese-produced films from the Indies offered the possibility of a heterogeneous national identity.[10]

The following list is sorted alphabetically by default, with further sorting capability in certain fields; owing to differing naming conventions between cultures, not all entries are sorted by last name. The list only counts fictional films directed by the subjects and does not include films from other genres or films in which the person held other roles. The names of persons credited with an abbreviated name are written in full, where available.


Film producers

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Key
† Indicates continued activity after 1949
Film producers of the Dutch East Indies
Name Feature film debut Debut year Films produced before 1949 Total films produced Ref(s).
Ang Hock Liem Kedok Ketawa 1940 6 6 [11]
Albert Balink Pareh 1935 1 1 [12]
Ph. Carli De Stem des Bloeds 1930 3 3 [13][14]
L. Heuveldorp Loetoeng Kasaroeng 1926 1 1 [15]
Jo Eng Sek Si Tjonat 1929 6 6 [16]
Jo Kim Tjan Poei Sie Giok Pa Loei Tay 1935 6 6 [17]
George Krugers Karnadi Anemer Bangkong 1930 2 2 [18]
Liem Goan Lian Lily van Java 1928 1 1 [c][19]
SI Liem Djantoeng Hati 1941 1 1 [20]
Tan Boen Soan Setangan Berloemoer Darah 1928 1 1 [21]
Tan Khoen Yauw Njai Dasima 1929 15 15 [7][22]
The Teng Chun † Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang 1931 28 30 [6]
Tjan Hock Siong Kris Mataram 1940 2 2 [23]
Tjan Tjoen Lian Lily van Java 1928 1 1 [c][24]
Tjho Seng Han Pantjawarna 1940 2 2 [25]
Touw Ting Iem † Ikan Doejoeng 1941 3 5 [26]
David Wong Lily van Java 1928 1 1 [d][5]
Joshua Wong Lari ke Arab 1930 4 4 [e][27][28]
Nelson Wong Si Tjonat 1928 6 6 [e][27][29]
Othniel Wong † Lari ke Arab 1930 4 5 [e][27][30]
Fred Young † Djantoeng Hati 1941 4 21 [f][7][31]

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ The Dutch had occupied the Indies for more than 300 years. Following a three-year Japanese occupation during World War II, Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945, an action which was not well-received by the Dutch (Kahin 1952, pp. 29, 101, 136).
  2. ^ Biran (2009, p. 45) cites Usmar Ismail's Darah dan Doa as the first "national" Indonesian film.
  3. ^ a b Film left incompleted
  4. ^ No relation to Nelson, Joshua, or Othniel.
  5. ^ a b c Figures for Nelson, Joshua, and Othniel Wong include four films which they produced cooperatively as the Wong brothers.
  6. ^ Also credited as Utomo

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Biran 2009, pp. 61, 68.
  2. ^ Kahin 1952, p. 445.
  3. ^ Swestin 2009, p. 104.
  4. ^ Biran 2009, p. 55.
  5. ^ a b Biran 2009, pp. 79–82.
  6. ^ a b Filmindonesia.or.id, The Teng Chun.
  7. ^ a b c Biran 2009, pp. 379–386.
  8. ^ Said 1982, p. 30.
  9. ^ Biran 2009, p. 45.
  10. ^ Setijadi-Dunn & Barker 2011, pp. 36, 48.
  11. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Ang Hock Liem.
  12. ^ Biran 2009, pp. 124, 380–381.
  13. ^ De Indische Courant 1931, Indische filmkunst.
  14. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, L. Heuveldorp.
  15. ^ Biran 2009, p. 234.
  16. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Jo Kim Tjan.
  17. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, G. Krugers.
  18. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Liem Goan Lian.
  19. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, SI Liem.
  20. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Tan Boen Soan.
  21. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Tan Koen Yauw.
  22. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjan Hock Siong.
  23. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjan Tjoen Lian.
  24. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjho Seng Han.
  25. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Touw Ting Iem.
  26. ^ a b c Filmindonesia.or.id, Wong Bersaudara.
  27. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Joshua Wong.
  28. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Nelson Wong.
  29. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Othniel Wong.
  30. ^ Filmindonesia.or.id, Fred Young.

Works cited

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  • "Albert Balink | Filmografi" [Albert Balink | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "Ang Hock Liem | Filmografi" [Ang Hock Liem | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.
  • "Fred Young | Filmografi" [Fred Young | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "G. Krugers | Filmografi" [G. Krugers | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "Indische filmkunst" [Indies Cinema]. De Indische Courant (in Dutch). Surabaya. 11 June 1931. p. 5.
  • "Jo Kim Tjan | Filmografi" [Jo Kim Tjan | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Joshua Wong | Filmografi" [Joshua Wong | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9108-5.
  • "L. Heuveldorp | Filmografi" [L. Heuveldorp | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "Liem Goan Lian | Filmografi" [Liem Goan Lian | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Nelson Wong | Filmografi" [Nelson Wong | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "Othniel Wong | Filmografi" [Othniel Wong | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • Said, Salim (1982). Profil Dunia Film Indonesia [Profile of Indonesian Cinema] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grafiti Pers. OCLC 9507803.
  • Setijadi-Dunn, Charlotte; Barker, Thomas (2011). "Membayangkan 'Indonesia': Produser Etnis Tionghoa dan Sinema Pra-Kemerdekaan" [Imagining 'Indonesia': Ethnic Chinese Producers and Pre-Independence Cinema]. In Cheng, Khoo Gaik; Barker, Thomas; Imanjaya, Ekky (eds.). Mau Dibawa ke Mana Sinema Kita? [Where Will Our Cinema Go?]. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika. ISBN 978-602-8555-38-8.
  • "SI Liem | Filmografi" [SI Liem | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • Swestin, Grace (July 2009). "In the Boys' Club: A Historical Perspective on the Roles of Women in the Indonesian Cinema 1926 – May 1998". Scriptura. 3 (2). Surabaya: Petra Christian University: 103–111. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014.
  • "Tan Boen Soan | Filmografi" [Tan Boen Soan | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Tan Koen Yauw | Filmografi" [Tan Koen Yauw | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "The Teng Chun | Filmografi" [The Teng Chun | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "Tjan Tjoen Lian | Filmografi" [Tjan Tjoen Lian | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Tjan Hock Siong | Filmografi" [Tjan Hock Siong | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Tjho Seng Han | Filmografi" [Tjho Seng Han | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Touw Ting Iem | Filmografi" [Touw Ting Iem | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  • "Wong Bersaudara | Filmografi" [Wong Brothers | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  • "Wu Tsun | Filmografi" [Wu Tsun | Filmography]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2012.

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