Wikipedia

List of emballonurids

Emballonuridae is one of the twenty families of bats in the mammalian order Chiroptera and part of the microbat suborder. A member of this family is called a emballonurid, a sheath-tailed bat, or a sac-winged bat. They are found in all continents besides Europe and Antarctica, primarily in forests and caves, though some species can also be found in shrublands, savannas, rocky areas, or deserts. They range in size from the Amazonian sac-winged bat, at 3 cm (1 in) plus a 1 cm (0.4 in) tail, to the Pel's pouched bat, at 14 cm (6 in) plus a 4 cm (2 in) tail. Like all bats, emballonurids are capable of true and sustained flight, and have wing lengths ranging from 3 cm (1 in) to 10 cm (4 in). They are all insectivorous and eat a variety of insects and spiders, and occasionally fruit.[1] Almost no emballonurid have population estimates, though three species—the Pacific sheath-tailed bat, Antioquian sac-winged bat, and Hildegarde's tomb bat—are categorized as endangered species, and one species—the Seychelles sheath-tailed bat—is categorized as critically endangered with a population as low as 50.

A photograph of a Pacific sheath-tailed bat hanging upside-down. It is gray.
Pacific sheath-tailed bat (Emballonura semicaudata)

The 55 extant species of Emballonuridae are divided between two subfamilies: Emballonurinae and Taphozoinae. Emballonurinae contains 37 species in 12 genera, and Taphozoinae contains 18 species in 2 genera. A few extinct prehistoric emballonurid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[2]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (3 species)
 VU Vulnerable (3 species)
 NT Near threatened (2 species)
 LC Least concern (38 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (7 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the emballonurid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Classification

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The family Emballonuridae consists of two subfamilies: Emballonurinae, containing 37 species divided into 12 genera, and Taphozoinae, which contains 18 species in 2 genera.

Family Emballonuridae

Emballonurids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Subfamily Emballonurinae

edit
Main article: Emballonurinae
Genus Balantiopteryx – Peters, 1867 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Ecuadorian sac-winged bat


B. infusca
(Thomas, 1897) 		Colombia and Ecuador
  		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[5] 		 VU 


Unknown  [5]

Gray sac-winged bat

 

B. plicata
Peters, 1867

Two subspecies
  • B. p. pallida
  • B. p. plicata
Mexico and Central America
  		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[6] 		 LC 


Unknown  [6]

Thomas's sac-winged bat

 

B. io
Thomas, 1904 		Mexico and Central America
  		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Caves and forest[7] 		 VU 


Unknown  [7]

Genus Centronycteris – Gray, 1838 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Shaggy bat

 

C. maximiliani
J. B. Fischer, 1829 		Northern and eastern South America
  		Size: 4–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[9] 		 LC 


Unknown  [9]

Thomas's shaggy bat


C. centralis
Thomas, 1912 		Mexico, Central America, and northern South America
  		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[10] 		 LC 


Unknown  [10]

Genus Coleura – Peters, 1867 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African sheath-tailed bat

 

C. afra
(Peters, 1852) 		Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa
  		Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Desert, caves, shrubland, savanna, and forest[11] 		 LC 


Unknown  [11]

Madagascar sheath-tailed bat


C. kibomalandy
Goodman, Puechmaille, Friedli-Weyeneth, Gerlach, Ruedi, Schoeman, Stanley, & Teeling, 2012 		Madagascar Size: 6–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[12] 		 DD 


Unknown  [12]

Seychelles sheath-tailed bat

 

C. seychellensis
(Peters, 1868)

Two subspecies
  • C. s. seychellensis
  • C. s. silhouettae
Seychelles
  		Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus unknown tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and caves[13] 		 CR 


50–100  [13]

Genus Cormura – Peters, 1867 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chestnut sac-winged bat

 

C. brevirostris
(Wagner, 1843) 		Central America and northern South America
  		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[14] 		 LC 


Unknown  [14]

Genus Cyttarops – Thomas, 1913 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Short-eared bat


C. alecto
Thomas, 1913 		Central America and northern South America
  		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[15] 		 LC 


Unknown  [15]

Genus Diclidurus – Wied-Neuwied, 1820 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater ghost bat


D. ingens
Hernandez-Camacho, 1955 		Northern South America
  		Size: About 8 cm (3 in), plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail
6–8 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[16] 		 DD 


Unknown  [16]

Isabelle's ghost bat


D. isabellus
Thomas, 1920 		Northern South America
  		Size: About 7 cm (3 in), plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail
about 5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[17] 		 LC 


Unknown  [17]

Lesser ghost bat


D. scutatus
Peters, 1869 		Northern South America
  		Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
5–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[18] 		 LC 


Unknown  [18]

Northern ghost bat

 

D. albus
Wied-Neuwied, 1820

Two subspecies
  • D. a. albus
  • D. a. virgo
Mexico, Central America, and South America
  		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in), plus 1–8 cm (0.4–3.1 in) tail
6–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest[19] 		 LC 


Unknown  [19]

Genus Emballonura – Temminck, 1838 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Beccari's sheath-tailed bat


E. beccarii
Peters & Doria, 1881

Three subspecies
  • E. b. beccarii
  • E. b. clavium
  • E. b. meeki
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[21] 		 LC 


Unknown  [21]

Greater sheath-tailed bat


E. furax
Thomas, 1911 		Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  		Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[22] 		 LC 


Unknown  [22]

Large-eared sheath-tailed bat


E. dianae
Hill, 1956

Three subspecies
  • E. d. dianae
  • E. d. fruhstorferi
  • E. d. rickwoodi
Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
  		Size: 4–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[23] 		 LC 


Unknown  [23]

Lesser sheath-tailed bat

 

E. monticola
Temminck, 1838 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[24] 		 LC 


Unknown  [24]

Pacific sheath-tailed bat

 

E. semicaudata
Peale, 1848

Four subspecies
  • E. s. palauensis
  • E. s. rotensis
  • E. s. semicaudata
  • E. s. sulcata
Polynesia and Micronesia
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus unknown tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[25] 		 EN 


Unknown  [25]

Raffray's sheath-tailed bat

 

E. raffrayana
Dobson, 1879

Three subspecies
  • E. r. cor
  • E. r. raffrayana
  • E. r. stresemanni
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands
  		Size: 3–6 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Caves and forest[26] 		 LC 


Unknown  [26]

Seri's sheath-tailed bat


E. serii
Flannery, 1994 		Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
  		Size: 4–7 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[27] 		 VU 


Unknown  [27]

Small Asian sheath-tailed bat


E. alecto
(Eydoux & Gervais, 1836)

Four subspecies
  • E. a. alecto
  • E. a. anambensis
  • E. a. palawanensis
  • E. a. rivalis
Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Philippines
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[28] 		 LC 


Unknown  [28]

Genus Mosia – Gray, 1843 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dark sheath-tailed bat

 

M. nigrescens
Gray, 1843

Three subspecies
  • M. n. nigrescens
  • M. n. papuana
  • M. n. solomonis
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands
  		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[29] 		 LC 


Unknown  [29]

Genus Paremballonura – Goodman, Puechmaille, Friedli-Weyeneth, Gerlach, Ruedi, Schoeman, Stanley, & Teeling, 2012 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Peters's sheath-tailed bat


P. atrata
Peters, 1874 		Eastern Madagascar
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[30] 		 LC 


Unknown  [30]

Western sheath-tailed bat


P. tiavato
(Goodman, Cardiff, Ranivo, Russell, & Yoder, 2006) 		Western Madagascar
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[31] 		 LC 


Unknown  [31]

Genus Peropteryx – Peters, 1867 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater dog-like bat

 

P. kappleri
Peters, 1867

Two subspecies
  • P. k. intermedia
  • P. k. kappleri
Mexico, Central America, and South America
  		Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[32] 		 LC 


Unknown  [32]

Lesser dog-like bat

 

P. macrotis
Wagner, 1843 		Mexico, Central America, and South America Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[33] 		 LC 


Unknown  [33]

Pale-winged dog-like bat


P. pallidoptera
Lim, Engstrom, Reid, Simmons, Voss, & Fleck, 2010 		Northwestern South America Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[34] 		 DD 


Unknown  [34]

Trinidad dog-like bat

 

P. trinitatis
Miller, 1899

Two subspecies
  • P. t. phaea
  • P. t. trinitatis
Northeastern South America
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[4]

Habitat: Forest and caves[35] 		 DD 


Unknown  [35]

White-winged dog-like bat


P. leucoptera
Peters, 1867

Two subspecies
  • P. l. cyclops
  • P. l. leucoptera
Northern South America
  		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
4–6 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[36] 		 LC 


Unknown  [36]

Genus Rhynchonycteris – Peters, 1867 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Proboscis bat

 

R. naso
(Wied-Neuwied, 1820) 		Mexico, Central America, and South America
  		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[37] 		 LC 


Unknown  [37]

Genus Saccopteryx – Illiger, 1811 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amazonian sac-winged bat


S. gymnura
Thomas, 1901 		Northern South America
  		Size: 3–4 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[38] 		 DD 


Unknown  [38]

Antioquian sac-winged bat


S. antioquensis
Muñoz & Cuartas, 2001 		Colombia
  		Size: 4–5 cm (2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[39] 		 EN 


Unknown  [39]

Frosted sac-winged bat

 

S. canescens
Thomas, 1901

Two subspecies
  • S. c. canescens
  • S. c. pumila
Northern South America
  		Size: 3–5 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–4 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[40] 		 LC 


Unknown  [40]

Greater sac-winged bat

 

S. bilineata
(Temminck, 1838) 		Mexico, Central America, and South America
  		Size: 4–6 cm (2 in), plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail
4–5 cm (2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest and caves[41] 		 LC 


Unknown  [41]

Lesser sac-winged bat

 

S. leptura
Schreber, 1774 		Mexico, Central America, and South America
  		Size: 3–6 cm (1–2 in), plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail
3–5 cm (1–2 in) arm/wing length[8]

Habitat: Forest[42] 		 LC 


Unknown  [42]

Subfamily Taphozoinae

edit
Main article: Taphozoinae
Genus Saccolaimus – Temminck, 1838 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Naked-rumped pouched bat

 

S. saccolaimus
Temminck, 1838

Five subspecies
  • S. s. affinis
  • S. s. crassus
  • S. s. nudicluniatus
  • S. s. pluto
  • S. s. saccolaimus
Southern and southeastern Asia and northern Australia
  		Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
6–8 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and caves[43] 		 LC 


Unknown  [43]

Papuan sheath-tailed bat


S. mixtus
Troughton, 1925 		Southern New Guinea and northern Australia
  		Size: 7–8 cm (3 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
6–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and caves[44] 		 NT 


Unknown  [44]

Pel's pouched bat

 

S. peli
Temminck, 1853 		Western and central Africa
  		Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
8–10 cm (3–4 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest[45] 		 LC 


Unknown  [45]

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat

 

S. flaviventris
Peters, 1867 		Australia
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
7–9 cm (3–4 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[46] 		 LC 


Unknown  [46]

Genus Taphozous – Geoffroy, 1818 – fourteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Arnhem sheath-tailed bat


T. kapalgensis
McKean & Friend, 1979 		Northwestern Australia
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
5–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[47] 		 LC 


Unknown  [47]

Black-bearded tomb bat

 

T. melanopogon
Temminck, 1841

Five subspecies
  • T. m. bicolor
  • T. m. cavaticus
  • T. m. fretensis
  • T. m. melanopogon
  • T. m. phillipinensis
Southern and southeastern Asia
  		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in), plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail
6–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and caves[48] 		 LC 


Unknown  [48]

Coastal sheath-tailed bat

 

T. australis
Gould, 1854 		Northern Australia
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
6–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, caves, and coastal marine[49] 		 NT 


9,000–10,000  [49]

Common sheath-tailed bat


T. georgianus
Thomas, 1915 		Northern and northwestern Australia
  		Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
6–8 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Savanna, rocky areas, and caves[50] 		 LC 


Unknown  [50]

Egyptian tomb bat

 

T. perforatus
Geoffroy, 1818

Four subspecies
  • T. p. haedinus
  • T. p. perforatus
  • T. p. senegalensis
  • T. p. sudani
Scattered Africa and western and southern Asia
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
5–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Savanna and inland wetlands[51] 		 LC 


Unknown  [51]

Hamilton's tomb bat


T. hamiltoni
Thomas, 1920 		Central Africa
  		Size: 8–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
6–8 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Savanna and unknown[52] 		 DD 


Unknown  [52]

Hildegarde's tomb bat


T. hildegardeae
Thomas, 1909 		Kenya and Tanzania
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
6–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[53] 		 EN 


Unknown  [53]

Hill's sheath-tailed bat


T. hilli
Kitchener, 1980 		Australia
  		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in), plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
6–8 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, caves, and desert[54] 		 LC 


Unknown  [54]

Indonesian tomb bat


T. achates
Thomas, 1915

Two subspecies
  • T. a. achates
  • T. a. minor
Indonesia
  		Size: 7–8 cm (3 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
5–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[55] 		 DD 


Unknown  [55]

Long-winged tomb bat

 

T. longimanus
Hardwicke, 1825

Four subspecies
  • T. l. albipinnis
  • T. l. kampenii
  • T. l. leucopleurus
  • T. l. longimanus
Southern and southeastern Asia
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
5–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, rocky areas, and caves[56] 		 LC 


Unknown  [56]

Mauritian tomb bat

 

T. mauritianus
Geoffroy, 1818 		Sub-Saharan Africa
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail
5–7 cm (2–3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and rocky areas[57] 		 LC 


Unknown  [57]

Naked-rumped tomb bat

 

T. nudiventris
Cretzschmar, 1830

Five subspecies
  • T. n. kachhensis
  • T. n. magnus
  • T. n. nudaster
  • T. n. nudiventris
  • T. n. zayidi
Scattered Africa and western and southern Asia
  		Size: 8–11 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail
7–8 cm (3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, caves, and desert[58] 		 LC 


Unknown  [58]

Theobald's tomb bat

 

T. theobaldi
Dobson, 1872

Two subspecies
  • T. t. secatus
  • T. t. theobaldi
Southern and southeastern Asia
  		Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in), plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail
7–8 cm (3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Forest and caves[59] 		 LC 


Unknown  [59]

Troughton's sheath-tailed bat


T. troughtoni
Tate, 1952 		Northeastern Australia
  		Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in), plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail
7–8 cm (3 in) arm/wing length[20]

Habitat: Savanna, rocky areas, and caves[60] 		 LC 


Unknown  [60]

References

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  1. ^ Nowak, pp. 87–88
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  3. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 381–390
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  9. ^ a b Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Centronycteris maximiliani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4112A22002444. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4112A22002444.en.
  10. ^ a b Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Miller, B.; Reid, F.; Cuarón, A. D.; de Grammont, P. C. (2015). "Centronycteris centralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136350A22023809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136350A22023809.en.
  11. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Bergmans, W.; Racey, P. A.; Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A. M.; Cardiff, S. G. (2017). "Coleura afra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T5113A22089365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T5113A22089365.en.
  12. ^ a b Goodman, S. (2017). "Coleura kibomalandy". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T80221085A95642170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T80221085A95642170.en.
  13. ^ a b Mondajem, A.; Gerlach, J.; Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A. M.; Bergmans, W. (2017). "Coleura seychellensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T5112A22089794. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T5112A22089794.en.
  14. ^ a b Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S.; Miller, B.; Cuarón, A. D.; de Grammont, P. C. (2016). "Cormura brevirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41527A22006450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41527A22006450.en.
  15. ^ a b Lim, B.; Miller, B.; Reid, F.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Cuarón, A. D.; de Grammont, P. C. (2016). "Cyttarops alecto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6206A22022820. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6206A22022820.en.
  16. ^ a b Lim, B.; Velazco, P.; Mantilla-Meluk, H. (2016). "Diclidurus ingens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6562A21986793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6562A21986793.en.
  17. ^ a b Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Diclidurus isabella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6563A21986404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6563A21986404.en.
  18. ^ a b Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Diclidurus scutatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6564A21986499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6564A21986499.en.
  19. ^ a b Lim, B.; Miller, B.; Reid, F.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Cuarón, A. D.; de Grammont, P. C. (2016). "Diclidurus albus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6561A21986615. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6561A21986615.en.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 484–485
  21. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Emballonura beccarii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7672A209521847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7672A209521847.en.
  22. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Aplin, K. (2021) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Emballonura furax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7667A209536771. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7667A209536771.en.
  23. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Emballonura dianae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7673A209522232. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7673A209522232.en.
  24. ^ a b Bates, P. J. J.; Francis, C. M.; Kingston, T. (2021). "Emballonura monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7674A22134864. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7674A22134864.en.
  25. ^ a b Waldien, D. L.; Scanlon, A. (2021). "Emballonura semicaudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7669A22135085. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7669A22135085.en.
  26. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Emballonura raffrayana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7668A209522673. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7668A209522673.en.
  27. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Emballonura serii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41528A209523175. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T41528A209523175.en.
  28. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Wiantoro, S. (2021) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Emballonura alecto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7670A209548087. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7670A209548087.en.
  29. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Mosia nigrescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13904A209523725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13904A209523725.en.
  30. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Cardiff, S. G.; Rakotoarivelo, A. R.; Jenkins, R. K. B.; Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2017). "Paremballonura atrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T7671A22135427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T7671A22135427.en.
  31. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Cardiff, S. G.; Rakotoarivelo, A. R.; Jenkins, R. K. B.; Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2017). "Paremballonura tiavato". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136835A22040708. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136835A22040708.en.
  32. ^ a b Davalos, L.; Molinari, J.; Miller, B.; Rodriguez, B. (2018). "Peropteryx kappleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T16707A22100544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T16707A22100544.en.
  33. ^ a b Barquez, R.; Lim, B.; Rodriguez, B.; Miller, B.; Diaz, M. (2015). "Peropteryx macrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T16709A22101100. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T16709A22101100.en.
  34. ^ a b Solari, S. (2016). "Peropteryx pallidoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T85822291A85822446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T85822291A85822446.en.
  35. ^ a b Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Peropteryx trinitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136790A22035534. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136790A22035534.en.
  36. ^ a b Solari, S. (2015). "Peropteryx leucoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T16708A22100830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T16708A22100830.en.
  37. ^ a b Lim, B.; Miller, B. (2016). "Rhynchonycteris naso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19714A22010818. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19714A22010818.en.
  38. ^ a b Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Saccopteryx gymnura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19806A22005356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19806A22005356.en.
  39. ^ a b Solari, S. (2016). "Saccopteryx antioquensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136420A21985022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136420A21985022.en.
  40. ^ a b Solari, S. (2015). "Saccopteryx canescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T19805A22005456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T19805A22005456.en.
  41. ^ a b Solari, S. (2015). "Saccopteryx bilineata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T19804A22004716. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T19804A22004716.en.
  42. ^ a b Solari, S. (2015). "Saccopteryx leptura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T19807A22005807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T19807A22005807.en.
  43. ^ a b Lumsden, L. F. (2021) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Saccolaimus saccolaimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T19802A209550074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19802A209550074.en.
  44. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Broken-brow, J.; Burbidge, A. H.; Woinarski, J. C. Z. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Saccolaimus mixtus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T19800A209535232. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T19800A209535232.en.
  45. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Fahr, J.; Hutson, A. M.; Mickleburgh, S.; Bergmans, W. (2017). "Saccolaimus peli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T19801A22004557. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19801A22004557.en.
  46. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Lumsden, L. F. (2021) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Saccolaimus flaviventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T19799A209538418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T19799A209538418.en.
  47. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Burbidge, A. H.; Milne, D. J.; Reardon, T. B.; Woinarski, J. C. Z. (2021) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Taphozous kapalgensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21458A209539248. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T21458A209539248.en.
  48. ^ a b Phelps, K.; Csorba, G.; Bumrungsri, S.; Helgen, K.; Francis, C.; Bates, P.; Gumal, M.; Balete, D. S.; Heaney, L.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C. (2019). "Taphozous melanopogon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21461A22110277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21461A22110277.en.
  49. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021). "Taphozous australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21452A22112046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T21452A22112046.en.
  50. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Reardon, T. B. (2021) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Taphozous georgianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21454A209538623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T21454A209538623.en.
  51. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Molur, S.; Hutson, A. M.; Amr, Z. S. S.; Kock, D.; Mickleburgh, S.; Bergmans, W. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Taphozous perforatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T21463A166505490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T21463A166505490.en.
  52. ^ a b Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A. M.; Bergmans, W. (2019). "Taphozous hamiltoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21455A22111838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T21455A22111838.en.
  53. ^ a b Webala, P.; Cooper-Bohannon, R.; Musila, S. (2020). "Taphozous hildegardeae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T21456A22111960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T21456A22111960.en.
  54. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Taphozous hilli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21457A209524440. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T21457A209524440.en.
  55. ^ a b Hutson, A. M.; Schlitter, D.; Kingston, T. (2016). "Taphozous achates". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21453A22111549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21453A22111549.en.
  56. ^ a b Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C. (2019). "Taphozous longimanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21459A22111355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T21459A22111355.en.
  57. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Fahr, J.; Mickleburgh, S.; Racey, P. A.; Hutson, A. M.; Ravino, J.; Bergmans, W. (2017). "Taphozous mauritianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21460A22111004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21460A22111004.en.
  58. ^ a b Monadjem, A.; Racey, P. A.; Amr, Z. S. S.; Fahr, J.; Palmeirim, J.; Benda, P.; Bates, P.; Aulagnier, S.; Bergmans, W.; Hutson, A. M.; Kock, D. (2017). "Taphozous nudiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21462A22109884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21462A22109884.en.
  59. ^ a b Bates, P.; Bumrungsri, S.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Walston, J. (2019). "Taphozous theobaldi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21465A22109663. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21465A22109663.en.
  60. ^ a b Armstrong, K. N.; Reardon, T. B.; Woinarski, J. C. Z.; Burbidge, A. A. (2021) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Taphozous troughtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21466A209539933. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T21466A209539933.en.

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