Cardinals are senior members of the clergy of the Catholic Church. They are almost always bishops and generally hold important roles within the church, such as leading prominent archdioceses or heading dicasteries within the Roman Curia. Cardinals are created in consistories by the pope, and one of their foremost duties is the election of a new pope – invariably from among their number, although not strictly a requirement – when the Holy See is vacant (sede vacante), following the death or resignation of a pope. The body of all cardinals is collectively known as the College of Cardinals.[1][2]
![Generic depiction of a cardinal's choir dress](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cardinal_-_choir_dress.svg/170px-Cardinal_-_choir_dress.svg.png)
Under current ecclesiastical law, as defined by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, only cardinals who have not passed their 80th birthdays on the day on which the Holy See becomes vacant are eligible to take part in a papal conclave to elect a new pope.[3] The same apostolic constitution specifies that no more than 120 cardinal electors can take part in a conclave, but makes no provision for there being more than 120 eligible cardinals;[3] as of 2023[update] there had never been more at the time of a conclave, though it has happened frequently at other times. Cardinals may be created in pectore ('in the breast'), in which case their identities are not publicly revealed by the pope; they are not entitled to the privileges of a cardinal until their names are published. The creations of any such cardinals who have not been revealed at the pope's death or resignation automatically lapse.[1][4]
As of 5 August 2024,[update] there are 236 cardinals, 124 of whom are cardinal electors. The most recent consistory for the creation of cardinals was held on 30 September 2023, when Pope Francis created 21 cardinals, including 18 cardinal electors.[5] Polycarp Pengo was the most recent cardinal elector to turn 80, on 5 August 2024; Mauro Piacenza will be the next cardinal elector to turn 80, on 15 September 2024. The most recent death of a cardinal was that of Kelvin Edward Felix on 30 May 2024, at the age of 91.[6]
Cardinals
editThe College of Cardinals is divided into three orders, with formal precedence in the following sequence:[1]
- Cardinal bishops (CB): the six cardinals who are assigned the titles of the seven suburbicarian dioceses in the vicinity of Rome by the pope,[a] plus a few other cardinals who have been exceptionally co-opted into the order,[9][10] as well as patriarchs who head one of the Eastern Catholic Churches.[8][11] The two most senior cardinal bishops, who are elected by the cardinal bishops from among themselves (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs) and approved by the pope, are the dean and the vice dean,[1] currently Giovanni Battista Re and Leonardo Sandri, respectively; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal bishop is Pietro Parolin.[b]
- Cardinal priests (CP): bishops typically in charge of dioceses around the world, as well as former cardinal deacons who have opted to be elevated to the order.[12] The most senior cardinal priest is the protopriest, currently Michael Michai Kitbunchu; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal priest is Vinko Puljić.[b]
- Cardinal deacons (CD): bishops who work in the Roman Curia or the diplomatic service of the Holy See, and all other clergy, including priests who have been granted a dispensation not to be consecrated a bishop. They have the choice (Latin: optatio) of opting to become cardinal priests after having been cardinal deacons for ten years.[1][13] The most senior cardinal deacon is the protodeacon, currently Renato Martino; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal deacon is Dominique Mamberti and the junior cardinal deacon is Ángel Fernández Artime.[b]
For cardinal bishops (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs), the dean is first in precedence, followed by the vice dean and then, in order of appointment as cardinal bishops, by the remainder. For cardinal bishops who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, for cardinal priests and for cardinal deacons, precedence is determined by the date of the consistory in which they were created cardinals and then by the order in which they appeared in the official announcement or bulletin.
All cardinals listed are members of the Latin Church unless otherwise stated. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the relevant post-nominal letters. Cardinals in charge of dioceses are classified under the country where their diocese is located, although they may be citizens of a different country.
Demographics of the College of Cardinals
editAt present, 124 of 236 cardinals are eligible to participate in a papal conclave. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds supermajority,[3][256] if all 124 cardinal electors were to participate (notwithstanding the maximum of 120 specified in Universi Dominici gregis), would be 83.
Cardinals by appointing Pope
editThis table indicates the number of current cardinals created by each pope and belonging to each order of the college.
Pope | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Name | CB | CP | CD | Total | CB | CP | CD | Total |
264 | John Paul II (1978–2005) |
5 | 37 | 1 | 43 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 |
265 | Benedict XVI (2005–2013) |
4 | 59 | 0 | 63 | 2 | 24 | 0 | 26 |
266 | Francis (2013–present) |
3 | 96 | 31 | 130 | 2 | 71 | 19 | 92 |
Total | 12 | 192 | 32 | 236 | 4 | 101 | 19 | 124 |
Cardinals by particular church sui iuris
editWhile most cardinals belong to the Latin Church, which encompasses the vast majority of Catholics, a small number of cardinals belong to one of the twenty-three autonomous (sui iuris) Eastern Catholic Churches. At present, there are six Eastern Catholic cardinals, including four cardinal electors, belonging to six particular churches sui iuris:
- Béchara Boutros Raï (Maronite Church)
- Louis Raphaël I Sako (Chaldean Church), cardinal elector
- George Alencherry (Syro-Malabar Church), cardinal elector
- Lucian Mureșan (Romanian Greek Church)
- Baselios Cleemis Thottunkal (Syro-Malankara Church), cardinal elector
- Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel (Ethiopian Church), cardinal elector
Particular church sui iuris | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | |
---|---|---|---|
Latin Church (Western) | 230 | 120 | |
Eastern Churches | Chaldean Church | 1 | 1 |
Ethiopian Church | 1 | 1 | |
Maronite Church | 1 | 0 | |
Romanian Greek Church | 1 | 0 | |
Syro-Malabar Church | 1 | 1 | |
Syro-Malankara Church | 1 | 1 | |
Total | 6 | 4 | |
Total | 236 | 124 |
Cardinals by institute of consecrated life or society of apostolic life
editAt present, there are 59 cardinals, including 28 cardinal electors, who are members of the religious life, representing 29 institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life. Common names for members, if different, are given in brackets in this table.
Cardinals by continent
editFor the purposes of this article, countries are grouped into continents generally according to the regions of the United Nations geoscheme; for the region of the Americas, North America comprises the subregions of Northern America, Central America and the Caribbean, while South America comprises the remaining subregion of the same name.[257] Statistics for the global distribution of Catholics are taken from the 2021 edition[update] of the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (Statistical Yearbook of the Church).[258]
Continent | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | Percentage of global Catholic population (2021) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
Africa | 29 | 12.3% | 16 | 12.9% | 19% |
North America | 35 | 14.8% | 19 | 15.3% | 21% |
South America | 27 | 11.4% | 14 | 11.3% | 27% |
Asia | 33 | 14.0% | 21 | 16.9% | 11% |
Europe | 109 | 46.2% | 51 | 41.1% | 21% |
Oceania | 3 | 1.3% | 3 | 2.4% | 1% |
Total | 236 | 100.0% | 124 | 100.0% | 100% |
Cardinals by country
editAt present, 90 countries are represented in the College of Cardinals, including 66 with at least one cardinal elector. The countries with the greatest numbers of cardinals are Italy (forty-eight), the United States (seventeen), and Spain (fourteen). Among the cardinal electors, the countries with the greatest numbers are Italy (fourteen), the United States (ten), and Spain (seven).
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The dean of the College of Cardinals holds the title of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia ex officio, in addition to his original one when first appointed a cardinal bishop.[1][7][8]
- ^ a b c Among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal bishop, the senior cardinal priest, the senior cardinal deacon and the junior cardinal deacon have specific roles in a papal conclave, such as presiding over the conclave itself (the senior cardinal bishop) or announcing the election of the pope (the senior cardinal deacon).[3]
- ^ Schonborn was born in Czechoslovakia (in what is now the Czech Republic). He moved to Austria as a child, and has served there for over 50 years.
- ^ Pujats was originally created a cardinal in pectore and formally revealed on 21 February 2001.
- ^ a b c d Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China.
- ^ Brady's territorial jurisdiction as Archbishop of Armagh included a part of the United Kingdom.
- ^ The Holy See's documentation gives Njue's date of birth as 1 January 1946, though for many years it said he was "born in 1944"[85] and used 31 December 1944 as his birthdate on its list of cardinal electors.[86] The change occurred sometime after 5 January 2024.[87]
- ^ Ezzati was born in Italy. He emigrated to Chile, where he was ordained and where he has mostly served, as a young man.
- ^ Lacunza Maestrojuán was born in Spain. He has served in Panama for over 50 years.
- ^ Lopez was born in Spain. He has served in Morocco for 20 years
- ^ Dal Corso was born in Italy. He served in Angola for over 30 years.
- ^ Aós Braco was born in Spain. He served in Chile for 40 years.
- ^ Marengo was born in Italy. He has served in Mongolia for over 20 years.
- ^ a b The jurisdiction of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, based in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Old City of Jerusalem in East Jerusalem, is multi-national, encompassing Cyprus, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. The Holy See, in its statistical report of the College of Cardinals, lists "Jerusalem" as Pizzaballa's country.[208] He was born in Italy. He has served in the Custody of the Holy Land for over 25 years.
- ^ Bustillo was born in Spain. He has served in France for 30 years.
- ^ Farrell was born in Ireland. He served in the United States for over 30 years.
- ^ a b c Granted dispensation not to receive episcopal consecration
- ^ Becciu resigned the rights and privileges of a cardinal on 24 September 2020, making him ineligible to participate in a conclave as an elector.[228][229]
- ^ Czerny was born in Czechoslovakia (in what is now the Czech Republic). . He moved to Canada as a child, and has served there and in the Roman Curia.
- ^ Originally created a cardinal priest; appointed a cardinal bishop on 1 October 2002[14]
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 19 May 2018 and co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 29 January 1996 and appointed a cardinal bishop on 25 April 2005
- ^ Originally created a cardinal priest; appointed a cardinal bishop on 10 May 2008
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; appointed a cardinal bishop on 24 February 2009
- ^ a b Originally created a cardinal priest; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; appointed a cardinal bishop on 1 May 2020
- ^ Originally created a cardinal priest; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 1 May 2020
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 29 January 1996
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 1 March 2008
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 20 May 2006
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 21 February 2011
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 12 June 2014
- ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 20 June 2016
- ^ a b c d Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 19 May 2018
- ^ a b c d e f g h Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 3 May 2021
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 4 March 2022
- ^ a b c Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 1 July 2024
References
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- ^ Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ a b c d Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". The Holy See (Apostolic constitution). Vatican Publishing House. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ Boudinhon, Auguste (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ "Ordinary Public Consistory for the Creation of 21 New Cardinals, 30.09.2023". Holy See Press Office. 30 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ^ "Catholic Church mourns the loss of His Eminence Cardinal Kelvin Felix". Dominica News Online. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ Pope Pius X (5 May 1914). Edita a Nobis (PDF) (Motu proprio). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). Vol. VI. Rome: Vatican Publishing House. pp. 219–220. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018 – via the Holy See.
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External links
edit- Media related to Cardinals at Wikimedia Commons
- Holy See Press Office, The College of Cardinals
- GCatholic.org, College of Cardinals