This is a list of active space probes which have escaped Earth orbit. It includes lunar space probes, but does not include space probes orbiting at the Sun–Earth Lagrangian points (for these, see List of objects at Lagrangian points). A craft is deemed "active" if it is still able to transmit usable data to Earth (whether or not it can receive commands).
The craft are further grouped by mission status – "en-route", "mission in progress" or "mission complete" – based on their primary mission. For example, though Voyager 1 is still contactable en-route to the Oort Cloud and has exited the Solar System, it is listed as "mission complete" because its primary task of studying Jupiter and Saturn has been accomplished. Once a probe has reached its first primary target, it is no longer listed as "en route" whether or not further travel is involved.
Missions in progress
editMoon
edit- ARTEMIS P1/P2
- Mission: studying the effect of the solar wind on the Moon. Originally launched as Earth satellites, they were later repurposed and moved to lunar orbit.
- Launched: February 17, 2007
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: July 2011
- Institution:
NASA
- Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
- Mission: Orbiter engaged in lunar mapping intended to identify safe landing sites, locate potential resources on the Moon, characterize the radiation environment, and demonstrate new technology.
- Launched: 18 June 2009
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 23 June 2009
- Institution: NASA
- Queqiao
- Mission: Halo orbiter serving as communications satellite for Chang'e 4 lunar far-side mission; conducting joint China-Netherlands low frequency astronomy experiment.
- Launched: 21:28 UT on 20 May 2018[1]
- Destination: in halo orbit about Earth-Moon L2
- Arrival: 14 June 2018
- Institution:
CNSA
- Chang'e 4 lander and rover
- Mission: Lander engaging in low-frequency radio spectrometry experiment, neutron and dosimetry experiment, and biological experiment. Rover seeking to characterize lunar far-side environment (including possible lunar mantle material) using visible/near-infrared spectrometer, ground penetrating radar, cameras, and neutral particle analyzer.[2]
- Launched: 18:23 UT on 8 December 2018
- Destination: Lunar far side
- Arrival: 02:26 UT on 3 January 2019
- Institution: CNSA
- Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
- Mission: engaged in lunar topography and mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water.
- Launched: 22 July 2019
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 20 August 2019
- Institution:
ISRO
- CAPSTONE
- Mission: Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
- Launched: 28 June 2022
- Destination: Moon (in a Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO))
- Arrival: 14 November 2022
- Institution: NASA
- Danuri (Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)
- Mission: Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
- Launched: 4 August 2022
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 16 December 2022
- Institution: collaboration between
KARI and NASA
- EQUULEUS
- Mission: Halo orbiter to image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side and L2 experiments.
- Launched: 16 November 2022
- Destination: in halo orbit about Earth-Moon L2
- Arrival: November 2022
- Institution:
JAXA
- Queqiao-2
- Mission: lunar orbiter serving as communications satellite for Chang'e 6, Chang'e 7 Chang'e 8 and International Lunar Research Station on lunar far-side mission;
- Launched: 20 March 2024
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 2024 (planned)
- Institution: CNSA
- Tiandu-1
- Mission: Testing technologies for a future lunar Satellite constellation.
- Launched: 20 March 2024
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 24 March 2024
- Institution: Deep Space Exploration Laboratory
- Tiandu-2
- Mission: Testing technologies for a future lunar Satellite constellation.
- Launched: 20 March 2024
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 24 March 2024
- Institution: Deep Space Exploration Laboratory
- DRO A/B
- Mission: Testing technologies to establish lunar navigation and communications infrastructure to support lunar exploration.
- Launched: 3 March 2024
- Destination: Moon (in DRO)
- Arrival: ~20 August 2024
- Institution: China Academy of Sciences
- ICUBE-Q
- Mission: First Pakistani lunar mission piggybacking with Chang'e 6.[3]
- Launched: 3 May 2024
- Destination: Moon (in lunar orbit)
- Arrival: 8 May 2024
- Institution:
SUPARCO
Mercury
edit- BepiColombo
- Mission: Spacecraft consists of the Mercury Transfer Module (MTM), Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO), and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO or Mio). MTM and MPO are built by ESA while the MMO is mostly built by JAXA. Once the MTM delivers the MPO and MMO to Mercury orbit, the two orbiters will have the following objectives: to study Mercury's form, interior structure, geology, composition, and craters; to study the origin, structure, and dynamics of its magnetic field; to characterize the composition and dynamics of Mercury's vestigial atmosphere; to test Einstein's theory of general relativity; to search for asteroids sunward of Earth; and to generally study the origin and evolution of a planet close to a parent star.[4]
- Launched: 01:45:28 UT on 19 October 2018
- Destination: Mercury
- Arrival: En route (anticipated to enter Mercury polar orbit in November 2026)
- Institution:
ESA JAXA
Mars
edit
- 2001 Mars Odyssey
- Mission: Mars Odyssey was designed to map the surface of Mars and also acts as a relay for the Curiosity rover.[5] Its name is a tribute to the novel and 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.
- Launched: 7 April 2001
- Destination: Mars
- Arrival: 24 October 2001
- Institution: NASA
- MAVEN — Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution.
- Tianwen-1 orbiter
- Perseverance rover
- Mission: searching for evidence of organic material on Mars, and engaging in exploration of the landing site at Jezero crater.
- Launched: 30 July 2020
- Destination: Jezero crater, Mars
- Arrival: 18 February 2021
- Institution: NASA
Asteroids and comets
edit- Hayabusa2
- Mission: asteroid study and sample-return
- Launched: 3 December 2014
- First Destination: 162173 Ryugu
- Arrival: 27 June 2018
- Left Ryugu: 12 November 2019
- Second Destination: 1998 KY26
- Institution: JAXA
- OSIRIS-APEX
- Mission: asteroid study and sample-return
- Launched: 8 September 2016
- Destination: 101955 Bennu
- Arrival: 3 December 2018
- Left Bennu: 10 May 2021
- Destination: 99942 Apophis
- Arrival: April 2029
- Institution: NASA
- Lucy
- Mission: to flyby 8 Jupiter trojan and one main belt asteroid
- Launched: 16 October 2021
- Destination: 52246 Donaldjohanson
- Arrival: 20 April 2025
- Institution: NASA
- Psyche
- Hera
- Mission: to orbit a binary asteroid and observe the asteroids, post DART impact.
- Launched: 7 October 2024
- Destination: 65803 Didymos system
- Arrival: December 2026
- Institution:
ESA
Heliocentric orbit
edit- Parker Solar Probe
- Solar Orbiter
- Mission: detailed measurements of the inner heliosphere and nascent solar wind, and close observations of the polar regions of the Sun.
- Launched: 10 February 2020
- Destination: High inclination solar orbit
- Arrival: Operational orbit in 2023
- Institution: ESA
Outer Solar System
edit
- Juice (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer)
- Mission: mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.
- Launched: 14 April 2023
- Destination: Jupiter
- Arrival: July 2031 (en route)
- Destination: Ganymede
- Arrival: December 2034 (en route)
- Institution: ESA
- Juno
- Mission: studying Jupiter from polar orbit. Originally intended to de-orbit into the Jovian atmosphere after 2021, now operating until 2025.
- Launched: 5 August 2011
- Destination: Jupiter
- Arrival: 4 July 2016
- Institution: NASA
- New Horizons
- Mission: the first spacecraft to study Pluto up close, and ultimately the Kuiper Belt. It was the fastest spacecraft when leaving Earth and will be the fifth probe to leave the Solar System.
- Launched: 19 January 2006
- Destination: Pluto and Charon
- Arrival: 14 July 2015
- Left Charon: 14 July 2015
- Institution: NASA
- Voyager 1
- Mission: investigating Jupiter and Saturn, and the moons of these planets. Its continuing data feed offered the first direct measurements of the heliosheath and the heliopause. It is currently the furthest man-made object from Earth, as well as the first object to leave the heliosphere and cross into interstellar space. As of November 2017 it has a distance from the Sun of about 140 astronomical units (AU)[10] (21 billion kilometers, or 0.002 light years), and it will not be overtaken by any other current craft. In August 2012, Voyager 1 became the first human-built spacecraft to enter interstellar space. Though declining, the onboard power source should keep some of the probe's instruments running until 2025.[11]
- Launched: 5 September 1977
- Destination: Jupiter and Saturn
- Arrival: January 1979
- Institution: NASA
- Primary mission completion: November 1980
- Current trajectory: entered interstellar space August 2012
- Voyager 2
- Mission: studying all four giant planets. This mission was one of NASA's most successful, yielding a wealth of new information. As of November 2017 it is some 116 AU from the Sun (17.34 billion kilometers).[10] It has left the heliosphere and crossed into interstellar space in December 2018. As with Voyager 1, scientists are now using Voyager 2 to learn what the Solar System is like beyond the heliosphere.
- Launched: 20 August 1977
- Destination: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
- Arrival: 9 July 1979
- Institution: NASA
- Primary mission completion: August 1989
- Current trajectory: entered interstellar space December 2018
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, Mission ID: QUEQIAO". NASA. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, Mission ID: 2018-103A". NASA. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, Mission ID: BEPICLMBO". NASA. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "NASA's Mars Odyssey Shifting Orbit for Extended Mission | Mars Today …". Archived from the original on 7 September 2012.
- ^ "ESA Science & Technology: Mars Express". European Space Agency. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ "ESA Science & Technology: Green light for continued operations of ESA science missions". European Space Agency. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ Frazier, Sarah (28 January 2019). "All Systems Go As Parker Solar Probe Begins Second Sun Orbit". NASA. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ Lewin, Sarah (29 January 2019). "Once Around the Sun! NASA's Parker Solar Probe Aces 1st Trip Around Our Star". Space.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ a b JPL.NASA.GOV. "Where are the Voyagers – NASA Voyager". voyager.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
- ^ "Voyager - The Spacecraft". JPL. 1989. Retrieved 2021-02-28.