Wikipedia

List of Slovenian domestic animal breeds

List of Slovenian domestic animal breeds lists Slovenian local breeds of domesticated animals.[1][2] This list includes all animal breeds that are locally adapted in Slovenia, being either autochthonous either traditional.[2][3] The most widespread classification lists 15 (or 16) Slovenian autochthonous breeds, while there are 13 recognized Slovenian traditional breeds.[4][5][6]

Gallery of six Slovenian autochthonous animal breeds (Lipizzan, Krškopolje pig, Jezersko-Solčava sheep, Karst Shepherd dog, Cika cattle and Carniolan bee).

Slovenian autochthonous breeds are Styrian Hen,[5] Bosnian Mountain Horse,[7] Lipizzan, Posavac, Slovenian Cold-blood, Cika cattle, Krškopolje pig, Bela Krajina Pramenka, Bovec sheep, Jezersko-Solčava sheep,[5] Improved Jezersko-Solčava sheep,[8] Istrian milk, Drežnica goat, Karst Shepherd dog and Carniolan honey bee (some also include marble trout[2][9]).[5] Slovenian traditional breeds are as follows: Slovenian Barred Hen, Slovenian Brown Hen, Slovene Late-feathered Hen, Slovenian Silver Hen, Haflinger, Ljutomer Trotter, Braunvieh, Fleckvieh, Slovenian Landrace – line 11, Slovenian Landrace – line 55, Slovenian Large White, Slovenian Alpine goat and Slovenian Saanen goat.[5]

Division of Slovenian breeds

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Slovenian breeds:[2][10][11]

  • Local (locally adapted) breeds
    • Autochthonous breeds
    • Traditional breeds
  • Introduced breeds
    • Allochthonous breeds
    • Exotic breeds

Autochthonous breeds

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Autochthonous breeds are all of those domestic animal breeds that originate from the Slovenian area and have historical documents, proving their country of origin.[1][2] Some autochthonous breeds are cross-border and have been developed in various countries, meaning they can be recognized as autochthonous in multiple countries.[7]

Additional mandatory conditions, that define and determine a status of autochthonous breed, are a breed register, a breed standard and limited, as well as supervised influx of other breeds' genes.[12] Slovenian laws require autochthonous breeds to have a breed register of at least five animal generations, bred in Slovenia.[2] Before obtaining the status of autochthonous a breed has to have a title of traditional breed.[10]

Poultry

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Styrian Hen,[13] Altsteirer[14] Štajerska kokoš,[12] štajerka,[15] štajarska kokoš, staroštajerka, staroštajerska kokoš, celjska kokoš, kmečka kokoš, štajerska kmečka kokoš, domača šopka, štajerska deželna kokoš, hasnovita štajerska kokoš, domačegrudna kokoš, sulmtaler, sulmdolka, sulmtalka, sulmska kokoš, sulmtalska kokoš[2] Gallus gallus domesticus Slovenia (mostly Slovenian Styria between rivers Mur and Sava[12]) and Austrian state Styria[13] Around 1650 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[16]   Primarily there were three colour variants: red/brown, white and barred. Red is divided into partridge-like type, reddish brown birds and wheat coloured hen.[12] Today most of Styrian hens are of the partridge type.[17]

Horses

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Bosnian Mountain Horse[18] Bosanski planinski konj,[7] bosanski konj,[19] planinski konj, domači konj[20] Equus caballus Balkan Peninsula,[21] native to countries of former Yugoslavia[22] Around 300 across the world[21]   The oldest autochthonous horse breed on Balkan Peninsula.[19] Accepted among autochthonous breeds in Slovenia despite some hesitation.[7] To Slovenia the breed probably arrived in 15th century with Uskoks.[19]
Lipizzan[23] Lipicanski konj,[5] lipicanec[24] Equus caballus Lipica, Slovenian Karst[5] Around 1220 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[25]   Warmblood. Foals are black or bay. While aging horses become gray.[5]
Posavac,[26] Posavje horse[27] Posavski konj,[5] posavec[28] Equus caballus Sava, mostly Lower Sava Valley[5] Around 1910 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[29]   Smaller cold-blood. Phenomenon of sexual dimorphism; stallions are more robust than mares.[5]
Slovenian Cold-blood, Slovenian Cold-blooded Horse[30] Slovenski hladnokrvni konj[5] Equus caballus Northeastern Slovenia and Upper Carniola[31] Around 3050 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[31]   Mostly bay or black medium-sized cold-blooded horse.[5]

Cattle

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Cika cattle[32] Cikasto govedo,[5] cika[33] Bos taurus Northwestern Slovenia (alpine regions and Bohinj)[5] Around 5530 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[34]   There are two distinct geographical types; Tolmin and Bohinj Cika cattle.[35]

Pigs

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Krškopolje pig, Black-belted pig[36] Krškopoljski prašič,[5] črnopasasti prašič,[37] pasasti prašič, prekasti prašič, prekec,[38] KP[39] Sus scrofa domestica Lower Carniola (mostly southeastern part)[37] Around 2530 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[40]   The breed's well-known feature is a continuous pink belt, running across pig's shoulders and forelimbs. Other parts of the body are blackish.[5]

Sheep

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Bela Krajina Pramenka[41] Belokranjska pramenka,[5] ovca BP[42] Ovis aries Near river Kolpa between Vinica, Adlešiči and Črnomelj (breed got its name after White Carniola, in Slovene language Bela krajina)[43] Around 1135–1200 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[44]   Mostly black ears, black colour (spots or blotches) is also around eyes and on sheep's legs.[43]
Bovec sheep[45] Bovška ovca,[5] trentarka (in valley Trenta),[46] ovca B[47] Ovis aries Valley of Soča, Bovec, Tolmin[5] Around 2930–3800 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[48]   White sheep with some black-white and brown individuals.[46]
Improved Jezersko-Solčava sheep[49] Oplemenjena jezersko-solčavska ovca,[5] ovca JSR[50] Ovis aries A consequence of breeding Slovenian Jezersko-Solčava sheep with Russian Romanov sheep.[5] Around 92 000 in Slovenia (y. 2003),[51] the most numerous sheep breed in Slovenia[50]   White wool, dark individuals are a result of crossbreeding with Romanov sheep.[5]
Istrian milk,[52] Istrian Pramenka[53] Istrska pramenka,[5] ovca IP,[54] istrijanka, primorska ovca, ovca surove volne, kraška ovca[55] Ovis aries Karst and Istria[5] Around 930–1100 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[56]   Sheep are white, with blackish spots covering their trunk and head. Some animals are black. This breed's feature is a poor hairiness of animal's legs.[57]
Jezersko-Solčava sheep[58] Jezersko-solčavska ovca,[5] ovca JS[59] Ovis aries Eastern regions of Slovenian Alps[5] Around 5150–15 000 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[60]   Jezersko-Solčava sheep are white and often have darker area around, as well as below their eyes (so-called tear). Of black colour are also tips of sheep's ears.[5]

Goats

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Drežnica goat[61] Drežniška koza,[5] bovška koza,[62] koza DR[63] Capra hircus Posočje[64] (Bovec and Drežnica)[5] Around 880–900 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[65]   In the past people bred milk goats in Bovec and meat type in Drežnica.[5]

Dogs

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Karst Shepherd Dog[66] Kraški ovčar,[5] kraševec,[67] ilirski ovčar[68] Canis familiaris Karst[5] Around 820 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[69]   Primarily livestock guardian dog.[5] It is a member of the second FCI group (Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattledogs).[70]

In the past Slovenian cynologists made some major contributions to breeding three additional Yugoslavian dog breeds, which were later assigned to Croatia and Montenegro by Fédération Cynologique Internationale.[35] These breeds are Montenegrin Mountain Hound, now belonging to Montenegro,[71] Posavac Hound[72] and Istrian Hound (Coarse-haired and Short-haired) – both owned by Croatia.[73][74]

Other

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Carniolan honey bee[75] Kranjska čebela,[5] kranjska sivka,[76] kranjica,[77] koroška čebela, karnika, noriška čebela, sivka[78] Apis mellifera carnica Carniola[79] Around 12 500 beehives, 40 000 purebreed queens and 90 000 bee families in Slovenia[80]   Carniolan bee has a status of a subspecies of honey bee.[5] It is also treated as a breed.[80]

Some classifications of Slovenian autochthonous breeds also include marble trout (Salmo marmoratus).[2][9]

English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Marble trout[81] Soška postrv[9] Salmo marmoratus/ Salmo trutta marmoratus Endemic species of Jadran river basin[82] (mostly Soča[83])   There are two distinct colour types; trouts of Zadlaščica type are marbled, while type Idrijca fish also possess red spots. Often a lot of red dots can be found covering fish's lateral line.[82]

Traditional breeds

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Unlike an autochthonous breed a Slovenian traditional breed does not originate from the Slovenian area (it is of foreign origin). However a traditional breed has a long history of breeding in the region of Republic of Slovenia.[1]

The Official Gazette, number 77/04, titled List of autochthonous and traditional breeds of domestic animals, requires Slovenian traditional breeds to be continuously bred by Slovenian breeders for at least 30 years (for poultry, pigs, sheep, goats[1] and cattle[2]) or 50 years (for other species).[1] Another mandatory condition is an existence of breed register that proves a breed is being raised in Slovenia for at least 5 generations.[2]

An additional requirement is a proper breed's name; a Slovenian traditional breed should have the word "slovenska" ("Slovenian") or a name of any other Slovene human settlement in its name.[2]

Poultry

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Slovenian Barred Hen[84] Slovenska grahasta kokoš,[5][12] SGK[85] Gallus gallus domesticus Bred on the Department of Animal Science, BF UL, from Barred and White Plymouth Rock[5] Around 1270 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[86] Serves for a production of commercial chicken. When cross-breeding a hen of the Slovenian Barred and a rooster of the Slovenian Brown the result is so-called Prelux-Č (prelux črna in Slovenian, Prelux Black in English). Prelux-G (prelux grahasta in Slovenian, Prelux Barred in English) is a consequence of breeding a rooster of the Slovenian Barred with a hen of the Slovenian Brown.[87] Mostly used for egg production (light type).[12]
Slovenian Brown Hen[84] Slovenska rjava kokoš,[5][12] SRK[85] Gallus gallus domesticus Bred on the Department of Animal Science, BF UL, from American chicken breed Rhode Island Red[5] Around 2910 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[88] Serves for a production of commercial chicken. So-called Prelux-R (prelux rjava in Slovenian, Prelux Brown in English) is a consequence of crossbreeding a hen of the Slovenian Silver with a rooster of the Slovenian Brown. When cross-breeding a hen of the Slovenian Barred and a rooster of the Slovenian Brown the result is so-called Prelux-Č. Prelux-G is a consequence of breeding a rooster of the Slovenian Barred with a hen of the Slovenian Brown.[87] Mostly used for egg production (light type).[12]
Slovene Late-feathered Hen,[89] Slovenian Slow Feathering Hen[90] Slovenska pozno operjena kokoš,[5][12] SPOK[90] Gallus gallus domesticus Bred on the Department of Animal Science, BF UL, from American White Plymouth Rock[5] Around 340 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[91] Serves for a production of broilers (so-called Prelux-BRO).[5] Heavy chicken breed.[12]
Slovenian Silver Hen[84] Slovenska srebrna kokoš,[5][12] SSK[85] Gallus gallus domesticus Bred on the Department of Animal Science, BF UL, from multiple chicken breeds[5] Around 920 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[92] Serves for a production of commercial chicken. So-called Prelux-R is a consequence of crossbreeding a hen of the Slovenian Silver with a rooster of the Slovenian Brown.[87] Mostly used for egg production (light type).[12]

In the past the Slovene Early-feathered Hen and Slovenian Fathering Hen were also included among Slovenian traditional breeds of domestic animals.[2][93] In 2013 financial problems caused both breeds to be removed from the list of Slovenian heavy locally adapted chicken breeds, making the Slovene Late-feathered Hen the only currently listed breed.[12]

Horses

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Haflinger[94] Haflinški konj,[5] haflinger[95] Equus caballus Tyrol[5] Around 300 000 across the world,[5] around 570 in Slovenia (l. 2020)[96]   The breed is a results of breeding Arabians with Alpine mares.[5]
Ljutomer Trotter[97] Ljutomerski kasač,[5] ljutomerec[98] Equus caballus Ljutomer[99] Around 400 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[100]   Some Slovenian experts think Ljutomer Trotter meets all the criteria needed for obtaining the status of a Slovenian autochthonous breed.[99]

Cattle

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Braunvieh,[101] Slovenian Brown,[51] Brown Swiss[102] Rjavo govedo,[5] slovensko rjavo govedo,[51] sivka, sivorjavo govedo[103] Bos taurus Switzerland, Austrian states Vorarlberg and Tyrol, German Bavaria[5] Around 23 000 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[104]   Brown to gray dairy cow. This breed's feature is a pronounced chest.[5]
Fleckvieh[105] Lisasto govedo[5] Bos taurus Western Switzerland, originating from Swiss Simmental cattle[5] More than 200 000 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[106]   Typical brown cows with white blotches.[5]

Pigs

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Slovenian Landrace – line 11[107] Slovenska landrace – linija 11,[5] slovenski landrace linija 11,[108] švedska landrace,[109] švedska landras[51] Sus scrofa domestica Sweden, Norway and Denmark[5] Around 4890 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[110] Middle-sized white pigs, raised for giving meat.[111]
Slovenian Landrace – line 55[112] Slovenska landrace – linija 55,[5] nemška landrace,[109] nemška landras[51] Sus scrofa domestica Germany[5] Around 45 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[113] The breed's feature is high growth capacity.[5]
Slovenian Large White[107] Slovenski veliki beli prašič,[5] large white, Yorkshire, Edelschwein,[109] veliki jorkšir,[114] slovenska velika bela (linija 22)[111] Sus scrofa domestica Great Britain[5] Around 870 in Slovenia (y. 2020)[115] White breed of big pigs.[114]

Goats

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English name Local names Scientific name Origin Number Image Notes
Slovenian Alpine goat[116] Slovenska srnasta koza,[5] koza SR[117] Capra hircus Alps[5] Around 15 800 in Slovenia (y. 2003),[51] the most numerous goat breed in Slovenia[117]   Goats were improved with different Alpine breeds from Germany and France. Animals are of various colours; from gray to light and dark shades of brown. Slovenian Alpine goat's well-known feature is a black line running across an animal's back.[5]
Slovenian Saanen goat[118] Slovenska sanska koza,[5] koza SA[119] Capra hircus Valley Saanen in Switzerland[5] Around 4700 in Slovenia (y. 2003)[51]   White breed, which is a result of crossbreeding a couple of Slovenian goats and Swiss Saanen goat.[5]

References

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  70. ^ "Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattledogs". www.fci.be. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  71. ^ "Crnogorski planinski gonic". www.fci.be. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  72. ^ "Posavski gonic". www.fci.be. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  73. ^ "Istarski ostrodlaki gonic". www.fci.be. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  74. ^ "Istarski kratkodlaki gonic". www.fci.be. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  75. ^ "The Carniolan bee". Čebelarska zveza Slovenije. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  76. ^ "Čebelarska zveza Slovenije". www.czs.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  77. ^ "Fran/iskanje/kranjica". Fran (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  78. ^ "Čebelarski terminološki slovar | ZRC SAZU". isjfr.zrc-sazu.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  79. ^ "Slovenija - domovina kranjske čebele". www.kranjska-cebela.si. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  80. ^ a b "Kranjska čebela". Genska banka (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  81. ^ "Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus)". www.balkan-trout.com. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  82. ^ a b "Soška postrv – Ribiška družina Tolmin" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  83. ^ Rozman, Tamara (2002). Genetska raznolikost soške postrvi (Salmo marmoratus) v Sloveniji: magistrsko delo (in Slovenian). T. Jug.
  84. ^ a b c Strelec, Alenka; Terčič, Dušan; Malovrh, Špela; Holcman, Antonija. "Prireja in fizikalne lastnosti jajc slovenskih tradicionalnih pasem kokoši lahkega tipa". www.dlib.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  85. ^ a b c Urbanija, Petra (2016). "Kognitivne sposobnosti slovenskih lokalnih pasem kokoši : diplomsko delo, visokošolski strokovni študij". repozitorij.uni-lj.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  86. ^ "Slovenska grahasta kokoš / Slovenia (Chicken)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  87. ^ a b c "Rjava, črna, grahasta, marogasta". zurnal24.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  88. ^ "Slovenska rjava kokoš / Slovenia (Chicken)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  89. ^ Kobold, Primož (2017). "Primerjava proizvodnosti piščancev ross 308 in slovensko pozno operjene kokoši v pogojih ekološke reje". dk.um.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  90. ^ a b Šubic, Alenka (2016). "Vpliv pasme in starosti kokoši na razmerje med količino rumenjaka in beljaka v jajcu : diplomsko delo, visokošolski strokovni študij". repozitorij.uni-lj.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-10-02.
  91. ^ "Slovenska pozno operjena kokoš / Slovenia (Chicken)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  92. ^ "Slovenska srebrna kokoš / Slovenia (Chicken)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  93. ^ "Pravilnik o ekološki pridelavi in predelavi kmetijskih pridelkov oziroma živil (ZKme-1_PEPPKPZ)". zakonodaja.com. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  94. ^ "Slovenia – World Haflinger Breeding & Sports Federation". www.haflinger-world.com. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  95. ^ Rejski program za pasmo haflinški konj (2017). Slovensko združenje rejcev konj pasme haflinger (in Slovenian). Retrieved 29.09.2021.
  96. ^ "Haflinški konj / Slovenia (Horse)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  97. ^ "Ljutomer Trotter". Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  98. ^ "Vrhunski športnik na štirih nogah: hiter, drzen, močan in avtohton". www.24ur.com (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  99. ^ a b Šalehar, A., Malovrh, Š. (2014). Ljutomerski kasač - avtohtona ali tradicionalna pasma? (in Slovenian). Retrieved 29.09.2021
  100. ^ "Ljutomerski kasac / Slovenia (Horse)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  101. ^ Simčič, M.; Lenstra, J.A.; Baumung, R.; Dovč, P.; Čepon, M.; Kompan, D. (2013-04-08). "On the origin of the Slovenian Cika cattle". Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 130 (6): 487–495. doi:10.1111/jbg.12034. ISSN 0931-2668. PMID 24236610.
  102. ^ Luštrek, B.; Vandenplas, J.; Gorjanc, G.; Potočnik, K. (2021). "Genomic evaluation of Brown Swiss dairy cattle with limited national genotype data and integrated external information". Journal of Dairy Science. 104 (5): 5738–5754. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19493. hdl:20.500.11820/1014727b-a176-44ff-bccc-b21e80ffd0d7. ISSN 1525-3198. PMID 33685705. S2CID 232158897.
  103. ^ "Rjavo govedo – Rjava je ta'prava" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  104. ^ "Rjavo govedo / Slovenia (Cattle)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  105. ^ Terler, G.; Trippold, C.; Velik, M.; Kitzer, R.; Kaufmann, J. (2014). [Slaughter performance and meat quality of Charolais x Wagyu - and Fleckvieh x Wagyu cattle]. Kmetijsko gozdarska zbornica Slovenije, Murska Sobota (Slovenia);Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod, Murska Sobota (Slovenia). ISBN 978-961-93586-3-4.
  106. ^ "Lisasto govedo / Slovenia (Cattle)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  107. ^ a b Flisar, Tina; Malovrh, Špela; Urankar, Janja; Kovač, Milena (2012). "Effect of gilt growth rate and backfat thickness on reproductive performance". www.dlib.si. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  108. ^ "Pasme merjascev, ki so na voljo na osemenjevalnem centru Ptuj". KGZS (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  109. ^ a b c Selekcijska piramida. In Slovenian. Retrieved 29.09.2021.
  110. ^ "Slovenian landrace (line 11) / Slovenia (Pig)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  111. ^ a b Slovenska prašičereja (2012). Kmetijsko gospodarska zbornica (in Slovenian). Retrieved 29.09.2021.
  112. ^ Urankar, J.; Kovac, M.; Malovrh, S. (2014). Genetic trends and estimates of farm effect for teat number and weaning to oestrus interval. Kmetijsko gozdarska zbornica Slovenije, Murska Sobota (Slovenia);Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod, Murska Sobota (Slovenia). ISBN 978-961-93586-3-4.
  113. ^ "Slovenian landrace (line 55) / Slovenia (Pig)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  114. ^ a b "Pasme prašičev". agri.bf.uni-lj.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  115. ^ "Slovenski veliki beli prašič / Slovenia (Pig)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  116. ^ Zan Lotric, Metka; Flisar, Tina; Jevsinek Skok, Dasa; Kompan, Drago (2015-09-15). "Lifetime production of Slovenian local goat breeds". Poljoprivreda/Agriculture. 21 (1 Supplement): 166–169. doi:10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.39. ISSN 1330-7142.
  117. ^ a b "Slovenska srnasta koza (SR)". Drobnica (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  118. ^ "Slovenska sanska koza / Slovenia (Goat)". fao-dadis-breed-detail.web.app. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  119. ^ "Slovenska sanska koza (SA)". Drobnica (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2021-09-29.
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