There are 27[a] Olympic artists who have identified or been identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and/or androgynous, or who had been in a same-sex relationship. The first Olympic Games in which an artist now known to be LGBT+ competed was the 1912 Summer Olympics. The first contemporaneously out LGBT+ artists competed in 1924, with the first LGBT+ Olympic medalist in art winning in 1928.[a] The artistic events were not contested after 1948.
Not including demonstration events, 5 of the LGBT+ artists won a medal, with another receiving an honourable mention but no medals (24% of LGBT+ artists). None won a gold medal.[a][b]
Overview
editAll based on the List of LGBT artists at the Olympic Games
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Art | Number of Olympians by gender[N 6] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Total | |
| Epic Literature | — | 1 | 1 |
| Dance[N 7] | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Drawings and water colours (Painting) | — | 2 | 2 |
| Graphic arts | — | 2 | 2 |
| Literature (Open) | — | 3 | 3 |
| Lyric works (Literature) | — | 2 | 2 |
| Painting | 1 | 6 | 7 |
| Sculpting (Open) | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Statue sculpting | 5 | 1 | 6 |
- Notes
- ^ Including Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
- ^ Including Irish Free State
- ^ Including Kingdom of Italy and Fascist Italy
- ^ Including Union of South Africa
- ^ Including multi-year appearances of the same Olympian.
- ^ Including multi-disciplinary Olympians
- ^ Demonstration event
Key
editΔ Was known to be widely out prior to their most recent Olympic competition; contemporaneously out while competing
† Came out after competing
‡ Posthumously identified as LGBT+
- Tables are default sorted by first Games appearance chronologically, then current surname or common nickname alphabetically, then first name alphabetically. They can be sorted by current surname (where used) or common nickname alphabetically; by country and event alphabetically; by Games chronologically;[c] and by medals as organised in Olympics medals tables.[d]
LGBTQ artists
edit| Artist | Country | Category | Games | Medal(s) | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gabriele D'Annunzio | _crowned.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Italy
|
Literature | 1912 | Despite being reportedly physically off-putting, D'Annunzio was such a charming man he attracted everyone, including lesbians and Robert de Montesquiou, and was open to all lovers.[2] Besides competing in 1912, he was a judge for the same event in 1924.[3] | |
|
Fanie Eloff † |  Union of South Africa
|
Sculpture | 1924 | Eloff's sexuality was made public after his contribution to the Games, when his series of sculptures of nude male dancers led to outcry, further inspection, and then his shunning from South African society.[4] | |
|
Vincenzo Gemito Δ | Fascist Italy
|
Sculpture | 1924 | Gemito was known to be gay among fellow artists from his early days, and the homoeroticism in his drawings supposedly made it obvious to everyone else. Between being an orphan denied of a heteronormative family, and his growing prominence in society from his success in sculpting, he attempted to steer his personal and professional circles to appear straight; doing so reportedly drove him insane, and he spent two decades in and out of asylums before being finally released in 1909. Unlike his partner Antonio Mancini, who had also been sent to an asylum, Gemito managed to have a career after his release, though it was made clear that he could no longer create homosexual art if he wished to be prominent.[5] At the 1924 Games, he entered seven pieces into the sculpture competition and was also a judge of it; none of his pieces placed.[6] | |
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|
Robert Graves Δ |  Great Britain
|
Literature | 1924 | Graves was openly bisexual, having intense relationships with men and (often masculine) women. In the 1920s, he lived in polyamorous groups.[7][8] In his 1929 autobiography, Good-Bye to All That, he described himself as "pseudo-homosexual", and suggested that all-male public schools were the cause.[9] His father-in-law, William Nicholson, was a 1928 gold medalist in graphic arts.[10] | |
|
Henry de Montherlant † |  France
|
Literature | 1924 | Montherlant was said to have kept his homosexuality a secret during his life, despite a same-sex relationship in his youth leading to his expulsion from his Catholic school,[11] and this incident being dramatised by Montherlant himself as the play La Ville dont le prince est un enfant.[12] He also detailed his homosexual interests in a long-withheld autobiography.[13] | |
|
Arno Breker |  Germany (Weimar Republic) /  Nazi Germany
|
Sculpture | 1928, 1936 | 
|
Originally labelled Degenerate,[14] Breker came to be Hitler's favourite sculptor; the Nazi state sculptor; and one of the select artists on the Gottbegnadeten list. His 1936 silver medal-winning statue of a decathlete still stands outside the Olympiastadion.[15][16] Breker's art, predominantly male nude sculptures, was used by the Nazis to propagate the concept of German physical superiority, despite the statues being greatly homoerotic and the Nazi official stance against homosexuality.[17] His artwork not produced for the Nazis comprised many busts of other gay artists, including Jean Cocteau,[17][18] a close friend, who wrote that Hitler saw Breker as a son.[19][20] Breker was reportedly closeted. After World War II, he rejected Nazism.[21][15] |
|
Ludwig von Hofmann | Germany (Weimar Republic)
|
Painting and graphic art | 1928 | Considered iconic of homosexual artists of his time, Hofmann married a female cousin and so may have been bisexual.[22][23] | |
.jpg)
|
Anna Hyatt Huntington |  United States
|
Sculpture | 1928 | For some time lived with Brenda Putnam.[24] | |
| Mainie Jellett |  Irish Free State
|
Painting and graphic art | 1928 | Jellett's relationship with Evie Hone was dramatised in the 2020 play Female Nude Seated.[25][26] | ||
|
Janet Scudder | United States
|
Sculpture | 1928 | Scudder lived the last years of her life with her female partner.[27][28] She had been good friends with Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas.[29] | |
|
Renée Sintenis Δ | Germany (Weimar Republic)
|
Sculpture | 1928, 1932 | 
|
Sintenis won the bronze medal in the 1928 statue sculpting competition.[30][31] Best known for creating the Golden Bear, she was a popular socialite in inter-war Europe and famous for her androgyny; for this and her Jewish heritage, she was persecuted under the Nazi regime.[32][33][34] Art scholar Nina Lübbren has suggested that Sintenis may have consciously performed masculine gender to be accepted as a sculptor,[35] though it is typically acknowledged that androgynous gender was part of the Neue Frau ideal Sintenis embodied.[32][35][36] Scholar Kocku von Stuckrad wrote that Sintenis "playfully evaded prescribed gender roles."[37] She married artist Emil Rudolf Weiß and, after his sudden death, had a lifelong relationship with a woman, Magdalena Goldmann.[38] Sintenis and Weiß rarely collaborated, most famously doing so to produce drawings and typeface, respectively, for a collection of Sappho poetry.[39] Weiß is said to have "tolerated" Sintenis' queerness later in their marriage.[32] He also entered the 1928 Olympics.[40] Julie Nero wrote that Sintenis avoided depicting gender, even in her sculptures of athletes (one of which won her the Olympic medal), due to her identity.[41] |
|
Ángel Zárraga |  Mexico
|
Painting and graphic art | 1928, 1932 | [42] | |
|
Thomas Eakins | United States
|
Painting and graphic art | 1932 | Art scholarship debates whether Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer, whose artwork is often discussed together, identified as homosexual.[43] William S. McFeely wrote that, amidst the debate, there is little doubt that Eakins was attracted to men.[44] Eakins and Homer both died before their work was submitted to the Olympics, and as such it was not considered officially in competition.[45][46] | |
|
Beatrice Fenton | United States
|
Sculpture | 1932 | [47] | |
| Harriet Whitney Frishmuth ‡ | United States
|
Sculpture | 1932 | While Frishmuth was not open about her sexuality in press interviews of the day, archival records document that she was a lesbian, her partner Ruth Talcott having lived with her from the 1940s until Frishmuth's death in 1980.[48] | ||
|
Winslow Homer | United States
|
Painting and graphic art | 1932 | Art scholarship debates whether Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer, whose artwork is often discussed together, identified as homosexual.[43] Debate continues as to Homer's sexuality[49][50][51] and academic tendencies to not acknowledge it (likened to Michelangelo),[52] with scholar Philip Beam suggesting that Homer simply was not interested in relationships.[53] Eakins and Homer both died before their work was submitted to the Olympics, and as such it was not considered officially in competition.[45][46] | |
|
Brenda Putnam | United States
|
Sculpture | 1932 | For some time lived with Anna Hyatt Huntington.[24][54][55] | |
|
Carl Sprinchorn | United States
|
Painting and graphic art | 1932 | [56][57] | |
|
Harald Kreutzberg Δ | Nazi Germany
|
Dance | 1936 | [b] | Harald Kreutzberg and Mary Wigman competed in the dance demonstration event, winning medals.[1][58] Kreutzberg was openly gay[59] and had "androgynous aspects".[60] |
| Jan Parandowski |  Poland
|
Literature | 1936 |
|
[61] | |
|
Milly Steger | Nazi Germany
|
Sculpture | 1936 | [35][62] | |
|
Mary Wigman ‡ | Nazi Germany
|
Dance | 1936 | [b] | Harald Kreutzberg and Mary Wigman competed in the dance demonstration event, winning medals. After the Games, the Nazis had no more use for Wigman, and she was included in the artists labelled Degenerate.[1][58] Dance scholars and Wigman's biographers have written on her relationship with Berthe Trümpy and possible bisexuality, and agree that being the object of same-sex desire had a great impact on her work.[63] |
| Delmar Banner | Great Britain
|
Painting and graphic art | 1948 | Banner was gay, which he revealed to his wife shortly after they married; they adopted two sons together.[64] | ||
| Walter Battiss ‡ |  Union of South Africa
|
Painting and graphic art | 1948 | [e]
|
A large number of letters written by Battiss and discovered posthumously reveal his longstanding bisexuality, and "gravitation towards homosexuality in his later years".[65] | |
| Roy De Maistre | Great Britain
|
Painting and graphic art | 1948 | Described as "a homosexual of extreme discretion".[66] | ||
|
Eleuter Iwaszkiewicz | Poland
|
Literature | 1948 | [e] | Iwaszkiewicz' lyric work received an "honourable mention" at the Games. He dedicated it to Paul Claudel.[67] Iwaszkiewicz is modernly considered bisexual, and there are strong homoerotic themes in his work; he had a wife and children, who knew of his orientation, and described himself as homosexual.[68] |
| Ernst van Heerden Δ | Union of South Africa
|
Literature | 1948 |
|
Van Heerden won his medal for a set of Afrikaans poems. An openly gay academic, he was best known for his sports poetry.[69] | |
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Based on the information collected on this page
- ^ a b c Harald Kreutzberg and Mary Wigman received medals in the competition part of the 1936 dance event.[1] As a demonstration event, these are not counted.
- ^ Where artists have represented multiple countries, competed in multiple events, and/or at multiple Games, the country/event/Games they are sorted by is their first country/event/Games chronologically.
- ^ Based on most golds over total medals, then alphabetically by current surname or common nickname. In cases of medals for demonstration events and honourable mentions, these are sorted between one bronze and no medals.
- ^ a b Received an honourable mention in an artistic event.
References
edit- ^ a b c Hanley 2004.
- ^ Dirda 2013.
- ^ Olympedia 2022b.
- ^ Beukman 2016.
- ^ Aldrich & Wotherspoon 2001, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Olympedia 2022c.
- ^ Seymour 1995.
- ^ Shirley 2019.
- ^ Graves 1985.
- ^ Olympedia 2022d.
- ^ Olympedia 2022e.
- ^ Lançon 2016.
- ^ Aldrich & Wotherspoon 2020, pp. 376–377.
- ^ Potter 2016.
- ^ a b Olympedia 2022f.
- ^ Jeffries 2021.
- ^ a b Aldrich & Wotherspoon 2001, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Summers 2012, p. 59.
- ^ Arnaud 2016.
- ^ Woods 2017.
- ^ Morgan 2016.
- ^ Harrity 2015.
- ^ Coulthart 2011.
- ^ a b Eden 1987.
- ^ Olympedia 2022g.
- ^ Byrne 2020.
- ^ James 1940.
- ^ Newton & Weiss 2004.
- ^ Meyer 2001.
- ^ Scupham-Bilton 2016a.
- ^ PinkNews 2016.
- ^ a b c François 2018.
- ^ Schmitz 2017.
- ^ Sidebotham 2021.
- ^ a b c Lübbren 2020.
- ^ Gaze, Mihajlovic & Shrimpton 1997.
- ^ von Stuckrad 2022.
- ^ Kraß, Sluhovsky & Yonay 2021.
- ^ Gillie & Adams 2021.
- ^ Olympedia 2022h.
- ^ Nero 2014.
- ^ Bleys 2000.
- ^ a b Summers 2012, pp. 18–20, 34.
- ^ McFeely 2007.
- ^ a b Olympedia 2022i.
- ^ a b Olympedia 2022j.
- ^ Herman 2022.
- ^ Tolles 2006.
- ^ Ellenzweig 2011.
- ^ McGarry 1998.
- ^ Cohn 1996.
- ^ Check, Deniston & Desai 1997.
- ^ Fiegl 2008.
- ^ Siddons 2021.
- ^ Langa 2010.
- ^ Sherman North 2019.
- ^ Walker 2021.
- ^ a b Toepfer 1997.
- ^ Lim 2022.
- ^ Ruprecht 2019.
- ^ Ozoliņš & Vērdiņš 2016.
- ^ Bosold & Klugbauer 2018.
- ^ Manning 2006.
- ^ Olympedia 2022k.
- ^ Siebrits 2016.
- ^ Arya 2017.
- ^ Olympedia 2022l.
- ^ Bugajski 2010.
- ^ Olympedia 2022m.
Sources
editDatabases
edit- Olympedia (2022b). "Gabriele D'Annunzio". Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022c). "Vincenzo Gemito". Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022d). "Robert Graves". Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022e). "Henry de Montherlant". Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022f). "Arno Breker". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- Olympedia (2022g). "Mainie Jellett". Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022h). "Emil Rudolf Weiss". Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022i). "Thomas Eakins". Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022j). "Winslow Homer". Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022k). "Delmar Banner". Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022l). "Eleuter Iwaszkiewicz". Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- Olympedia (2022m). "Ernst van Heerden". Retrieved 21 August 2020.
Literature
edit- Aldrich, Robert F.; Wotherspoon, Garry (2001). Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (1 ed.). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-15982-1.
- Aldrich, Robert F.; Wotherspoon, Garry (2020). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-15888-5.
- Arnaud, Claude (1 January 2016). Jean Cocteau: A Life. Yale University Press. pp. 661–669. ISBN 978-0-300-17057-3.
- Arya, Rina (2017). "The Influence of Roy de Maistre on Francis Bacon". Religion and the Arts. 21 (5): 607–622. doi:10.1163/15685292-02105001.
- Bleys, Rudi (27 October 2000). Images of Ambiente: Homotextuality and Latin American Art, 1810-today. A&C Black. pp. 40–43. ISBN 978-0-8264-4723-4.
- Check, Ed; Deniston, Grace; Desai, Dipti (1 January 1997). "Living the Discourses". Journal of Social Theory in Art Education. 17 (1): 40–70. ISSN 1057-0292.
- Cohn, Sherrye (1996). "A Thoughtful Gravity: Childhood in Winslow Homer's Early Paintings". The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal. 15 (2): 25–34. doi:10.1525/jung.1.1996.15.2.25.
- Eden, Myrna G. (1987). Energy and Individuality in the Art of Anna Huntington, Sculptor and Amy Beach, Composer. Scarecrow Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780810819160.
- Ellenzweig, Allen (2011). "Before You Visit the Exhibit ..." The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 18 (1): 37+. Retrieved 20 August 2022 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
- Gaze, Delia; Mihajlovic, Maja; Shrimpton, Leanda (1997). Dictionary of Women Artists: Introductory surveys ; Artists, A-I. Taylor & Francis. p. 661. ISBN 978-1-884964-21-3.
- Graves, Robert (1985). Good-Bye To All That (Vintage International ed.). Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 9780385093309.
- Hanley, Elizabeth A. (2004). Wamsley, Kevin B. (ed.). "The Role of Dance in the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games". Seventh International Symposium for Olympic Research. London, Ontario: LA84 Foundation. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
- Kraß, Andreas; Sluhovsky, Moshe; Yonay, Yuval (31 December 2021). Queer Jewish Lives Between Central Europe and Mandatory Palestine: Biographies and Geographies. transcript Verlag. p. 50. ISBN 978-3-8394-5332-2.
- Lançon, Christian (2016). "Philippe Giquel, le prince des airs". Montherlant.be.
- Langa, Helen (9 April 2010). "Seeing Queerly: Looking for Lesbian Presence and Absence in United States Visual Art, 1890 to 1950". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 14 (2–3): 124–139. doi:10.1080/10894160903196509. ISSN 1089-4160. PMID 20408007. S2CID 34223749.
- Lim, Wesley (2022). "Queer Orientalism and Modernism in Dance Photographs of Harald Kreutzberg and Yvonne Georgi". The German Quarterly. 95 (2): 167–182. doi:10.1111/gequ.12260. ISSN 0016-8831. S2CID 248717960.
- Lübbren, Nina (2020). "Ornament, monument and gender in German sculpture, 1910–1930: Milly Steger and Renée Sintenis". Sculpture and the Decorative in Britain and Europe: Seventeenth Century to Contemporary. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781501341274.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Manning, Susan (2006). Ecstasy and the Demon: The Dances of Mary Wigman. U of Minnesota Press. pp. xvi–xvii. ISBN 978-0-8166-3802-4.
- McFeely, William S. (2007). Portrait: The Life Of Thomas Eakins. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 47, 51, 128. ISBN 978-0393330687.
- McGarry, Molly (1998). "Review of Improper Bostonians: Lesbian and Gay History from the Puritans to Playland". The New England Quarterly. 71 (4): 648–652. doi:10.2307/366610. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 366610.
- Meyer, Steven (2001). Irresistible Dictation: Gertrude Stein and the Correlations of Writing and Science. Stamford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804749305.
- Nero, Julie (2014). "Engaging masculinity: Weimar women artists and the boxer". Woman's Art Journal. 35 (1). Retrieved 10 August 2022 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
- Newton, Judith Vale; Weiss, Carol Ann (2004). Skirting the Issue: Stories of Indiana's Historical Women Artists. Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 45, 321. ISBN 9780871951779.
- Ozoliņš, Jānis; Vērdiņš, Kārlis (14 December 2016). Queer Stories of Europe. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4438-5561-7.
- Potter, Pamela M. (28 June 2016). Art of Suppression: Confronting the Nazi Past in Histories of the Visual and Performing Arts. University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-520-28234-6.
- Ruprecht, Lucia (18 July 2019). "Floral Pathochoreographies: Mime Studies by Harald Kreutzberg, Alfred Döblin, and Jo Mihaly". doi:10.1093/oso/9780190659370.003.0010.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Seymour, Miranda (1995). Robert Graves: Life on the Edge. London: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-40860-9.
- Sherman North, Cori (2019). "The Swedish Experience in Mid-America" (PDF). Birger Sandzén Memorial Gallery. p. 3.
- Siddons, Louise (2021). "Intimate Relations: Touch and Gaze Across Media in the Collaborative Portraits of Laura Gilpin and Brenda Putnam" (PDF). The Courtauld Institute of Art.
- Summers, Claude (23 March 2012). The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts. Cleis Press Start. ISBN 978-1-57344-874-1.
- Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780520918276.
- Tolles, Thayer (2006). ""Art as the true expression of life": Harriet Whitney Frishmuth to 1940". In Conner, Janis (ed.). Captured Motion: The Sculpture of Harriet Whitney Frishmuth. New York: Hohmann Holdings LLC. p. 28.
- von Stuckrad, Kocku (15 February 2022). A Cultural History of the Soul: Europe and North America from 1870 to the Present. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55357-5.
- Woods, Gregory (21 November 2017). Homintern: How Gay Culture Liberated the Modern World. Yale University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-300-23499-2.
Print media
edit- Beukman, Barnard, ed. (23 March 2016). "Pierneef hou ligte aan met skildery". Beeld (in Afrikaans).
- Dirda, Michael (28 August 2013). ""Gabriele d'Annunzio" by Lucy Hughes-Hallett". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- Fiegl, Amanda (2008). ""No More Long Faces"". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- François, Emmanuelle (2 March 2018). "The woman behind the Bär". Exberliner. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- James, Edwin Leland, ed. (11 June 1940). "Obituaries: JANET SCUDDER, SCULPTOR, DIES, 66; One of the World's Foremost Women in Field Succumbs in Summer Home FAMOUS FOR FOUNTAINS Works Shown in 14 Museums --Had Lived in Paris for 45 Years—Also a Painter Returned Here Last Fall Worked at Chicago Fair of '93 Some of Her Sculptures Aided French in Two Wars" (PDF). The New York Times. New York City. p. 25. Retrieved 20 August 2019 – via TimesMachine.
- Schmitz, Julia (17 December 2017). "The New Confidence". Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
Web media
edit- Bosold, Birgit; Klugbauer, Carina, eds. (2018). "Guided Tour: LESBIAN VISIONS (English)". Schwules Museum. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- Bugajski, Leszek (6 February 2010). "Miłość Iwaszkiewicza" [Iwaszkiewicz's love]. Newsweek Polska. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
- Byrne, Christopher (30 May 2020). "Female Nude Seated: Boxed In". Gay City News. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- Coulthart, John (9 August 2011). "The art of Ludwig von Hofmann, 1861–1945". Feuilleton. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- Gillie, Courtney; Adams, John Henry, eds. (2021). "Sappho of Lesbos (ca. 610-570 BCE) · Leaders and Heroes 2: The Arts · Special Collections and Archives". University of Missouri Library. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- Harrity, Christopher (18 July 2015). "Gay Artists – Spotlight on Gay Art From Around the Globe: Ludwig von Hofmann". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- Herman, Michelle, ed. (2022). "Beatrice Fenton letters to Marjorie D. Martinet, circa 1870-1928". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution.
- Jeffries, Stuart (7 September 2021). "Hitler's favourite artists: why do Nazi statues still stand in Germany?". The Guardian.
- Morgan, Joe (10 August 2016). "Here are 24 weird and wonderful facts from LGBTI Olympics history". Gay Star News. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
- PinkNews (5 August 2016). "Did you know the first out gay athlete nearly competed at the 1908 Olympics?".
- Scupham-Bilton, Tony (27 July 2016a). "First gay Olympian in History Competed in 1928". Outsports. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- Shirley, Jason (4 February 2019). "LGBT History Month 2019 faces – Robert Graves". University of Canterbury Library. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- Sidebotham, Leah (9 February 2021). "Persecution of gay people in Nazi Germany". Wiener Holocaust Library. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- Siebrits, Warren (10 July 2016). "Walter Battiss, the man who lived five lives". TimesLIVE. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- Walker, Berta, ed. (2021). "Creative Couples of Cape Cod". Artsy. Retrieved 17 August 2022.