18th Canadian Parliament

The 18th Canadian Parliament was in session from 6 February 1936, until 25 January 1940. The membership was set by the 1935 federal election on 14 October 1935, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1940 election.

18th Parliament of Canada
Majority parliament
6 February 1936 – 25 January 1940
Parliament leaders
Prime Minister	William Lyon Mackenzie King 23 Oct 1935 – 15 Nov 1948
Cabinet	16th Canadian Ministry
Leader of the Opposition	R. B. Bennett 23 Oct 1935 – 6 Jul 1938
	Robert Manion 7 Jul 1938 – 13 May 1940
Party caucuses
Government	Liberal Party
Opposition	Conservative Party
Crossbench	Social Credit Party
	Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
	Liberal-Progressive
	Reconstruction Party
	United Reform
House of Commons
Seating arrangements of the House of Commons
Speaker of the Commons	Pierre-François Casgrain 6 February 1936 – 10 May 1940
Members	245 MP seats List of members
Senate
Speaker of the Senate	Walter Edward Foster 11 January 1936 – 8 May 1940
Government Senate Leader	Raoul Dandurand 23 October 1935 – 11 March 1942
Opposition Senate Leader	Arthur Meighen 22 October 1935 – 16 January 1942
Senators	96 senator seats List of senators
Sovereign
Monarch	Edward VIII 20 Jan 1936 – 11 Dec 1936
	George VI 11 Dec 1936 – 6 Feb 1952
Governor General	John Buchan 2 Nov 1935 – 11 Feb 1940
Sessions
1st session 6 February 1936 – 23 June 1936
2nd session 14 January 1937 – 10 April 1937
3rd session 27 January 1938 – 1 July 1938
4th session 12 January 1939 – 3 June 1939
5th session 7 September 1939 – 13 September 1939
6th session 25 January 1940 – 25 January 1940
← 17th → 19th

William Lyon Mackenzie King was Prime Minister during the 18th Canadian Parliament.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 16th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led first by Richard Bedford Bennett, and later by Robert Manion.

The Speaker was Pierre-François Casgrain. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1933-1947 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

The Social Credit Party led by J. H. Blackmore made their first federal appearance in this parliament. It would be an important third party until 1980. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation led by J.S. Woodsworth also made their first appearance. It, and its successor party, the New Democratic Party, would become a major source of policies that would change the fabric of Canada.

There were six sessions of the 18th Parliament, though the last two were extremely short:

Session	Start	End
1st	6 February 1936	23 June 1936
2nd	14 January 1937	10 April 1937
3rd	27 January 1938	1 July 1938
4th	12 January 1939	3 June 1939
5th	7 September 1939	13 September 1939
6th	25 January 1940	25 January 1940

List of members

Following is a full list of members of the eighteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.

Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.

Alberta

Electoral district		Name	Party
Acadia		Victor Quelch	Social Credit
Athabaska		Percy John Rowe	Social Credit
Battle River		Robert Fair	Social Credit
Bow River		Charles Edward Johnston	Social Credit
Calgary East		John Landeryou	Social Credit
Calgary West		Richard Bedford Bennett (resigned 28 January 1939)	Conservative
		Douglas Cunnington (by-election of 18 September 1939)	Conservative
Camrose		James Alexander Marshall	Social Credit
Edmonton East		William Samuel Hall (died 26 January 1938)	Social Credit
		Orvis A. Kennedy (by-election of 21 March 1938)	Social Credit
Edmonton West		James Angus MacKinnon	Liberal
Jasper—Edson		Walter Frederick Kuhl	Social Credit
Lethbridge		John Horne Blackmore	Social Credit
Macleod		Ernest George Hansell	Social Credit
Medicine Hat		Archibald Hugh Mitchell	Social Credit
Peace River		René-Antoine Pelletier	Social Credit
Red Deer		Eric Joseph Poole	Social Credit
Vegreville		William Hayhurst	Social Credit
Wetaskiwin		Norman Jaques	Social Credit

British Columbia

Electoral district		Name	Party
Cariboo		James Gray Turgeon	Liberal
Comox—Alberni		Alan Webster Neill	Independent
Fraser Valley		Harry James Barber	Conservative
Kamloops		Thomas O'Neill	Liberal
Kootenay East		Henry Herbert Stevens	Reconstruction
			Conservative
Kootenay West		William Esling	Conservative
Nanaimo		James Samuel Taylor	C.C.F.
			Independent
New Westminster		Thomas Reid	Liberal
Skeena		Olof Hanson	Liberal
Vancouver—Burrard		Gerry McGeer	Liberal
Vancouver Centre		Ian Alistair Mackenzie	Liberal
Vancouver East		Angus MacInnis	C.C.F.
Vancouver North		Charles Grant MacNeil	C.C.F.
Vancouver South		Howard Charles Green	Conservative
Victoria		D'Arcy Plunkett (died 3 May 1936)	Conservative
		Simon Fraser Tolmie (by-election of 8 June 1936, died 13 October 1937)	Conservative
		Robert Mayhew (by-election of 29 November 1937)	Liberal
Yale		Grote Stirling	Conservative

Manitoba

Electoral district		Name	Party
Brandon		David Wilson Beaubier (died 1 September 1938)	Conservative
		James Ewen Matthews (by-election of 14 November 1938)	Liberal
Churchill		Thomas Crerar	Liberal
Dauphin		William John Ward	Liberal
Lisgar		Howard Winkler	Liberal
Macdonald		William Gilbert Weir	Liberal-Progressive
Marquette		James Allison Glen	Liberal-Progressive
Neepawa		Frederick Donald Mackenzie	Liberal
Portage la Prairie		Harry Leader	Liberal
Provencher		Arthur-Lucien Beaubien	Liberal
Selkirk		Joseph Thorarinn Thorson	Liberal-Progressive
Souris		George William McDonald	Liberal-Progressive
Springfield		John Mouat Turner	Liberal
St. Boniface		John Power Howden	Liberal
Winnipeg North		Abraham Albert Heaps	C.C.F.
Winnipeg North Centre		James Shaver Woodsworth	C.C.F.
Winnipeg South		Leslie Mutch	Liberal
Winnipeg South Centre		Ralph Maybank	Liberal

New Brunswick

Electoral district		Name	Party
Charlotte		Burton Hill	Liberal
Gloucester		Peter Veniot (died 6 July 1936)	Liberal
		Clarence Joseph Veniot (by-election of 17 August 1936)	Liberal
Kent		Louis-Prudent-Alexandre Robichaud	Liberal
Northumberland		John Patrick Barry	Liberal
Restigouche—Madawaska		Joseph-Enoil Michaud	Liberal
Royal		Alfred Johnson Brooks	Conservative
St. John—Albert		William Ryan (died 1 April 1938)	Liberal
		Allan McAvity (by-election of 21 February 1938)	Liberal
Victoria—Carleton		Jack Patterson	Liberal
Westmorland		Henry Read Emmerson	Liberal
York—Sunbury		William George Clark	Liberal

Nova Scotia

Electoral district		Name	Party
Antigonish—Guysborough		William Duff	Liberal
		J. Ralph Kirk (by-election of 16 March 1936)	Liberal
Cape Breton North and Victoria		Daniel Alexander Cameron (died 4 September 1937)	Liberal
		Matthew MacLean (by-election of 18 October 1937)	Liberal
Cape Breton South		David James Hartigan	Liberal
Colchester—Hants		Gordon Purdy	Liberal
Cumberland		Kenneth Judson Cochrane	Liberal
Digby—Annapolis—Kings		James Lorimer Ilsley	Liberal
Halifax*		Robert Emmett Finn	Liberal
		Gordon Benjamin Isnor	Liberal
Inverness—Richmond		Donald MacLennan	Liberal
Pictou		Henry Byron McCulloch	Liberal
Queens—Lunenburg		John James Kinley	Liberal
Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare		Vincent Pottier	Liberal

Ontario

Electoral district		Name	Party
Algoma East		Thomas Farquhar	Liberal
Algoma West		Henry Sidney Hamilton	Liberal
Brantford City		William Ross Macdonald	Liberal
Brant		George Wood	Liberal
Broadview		Thomas Langton Church	Conservative
Bruce		William Rae Tomlinson	Liberal
Carleton		Alonzo Hyndman	Conservative
Cochrane		Joseph-Arthur Bradette	Liberal
Danforth		Joseph Henry Harris	Conservative
Davenport		John Ritchie MacNicol	Conservative
Dufferin—Simcoe		William Earl Rowe (resigned 28 September 1937 to campaign for Ontario provincial election)	Conservative
		William Earl Rowe (by-election of 8 November 1937)	Conservative
Durham		Frank Rickard	Liberal
Eglinton		Richard Langton Baker	Conservative
Elgin		Wilson Mills	Liberal
Essex East		Paul Martin Sr.	Liberal
Essex South		Murray Clark	Liberal
Essex West		Norman Alexander McLarty	Liberal
Fort William		Dan McIvor	Liberal
Frontenac—Addington		Colin Campbell (resigned 28 September 1937 to campaign for Ontario provincial election)	Liberal
		Angus Neil McCallum (by-election of 1 November 1937)	Liberal
Glengarry		John David MacRae	Liberal
Greenwood		Denton Massey	Conservative
Grenville—Dundas		Arza Clair Casselman	Conservative
Grey—Bruce		Agnes Macphail	United Farmers of Ontario-Labour
Grey North		William Pattison Telford, Jr.	Liberal
Haldimand		Mark Senn	Conservative
Halton		Hughes Cleaver	Liberal
Hamilton East		Albert A. Brown	Conservative
Hamilton West		Herbert Earl Wilton (died 1 February 1937)	Conservative
		John Allmond Marsh (by-election of 22 March 1937)	Conservative
Hastings—Peterborough		Rork Scott Ferguson	Liberal
Hastings South		John Charles Alexander Cameron	Liberal
High Park		Alexander James Anderson	Conservative
Huron North		Robert Deachman	Liberal
Huron—Perth		William Henry Golding	Liberal
Kenora—Rainy River		Hugh McKinnon	Liberal
Kent		James Rutherford (died 27 February 1939)	Liberal
		Arthur Lisle Thompson (by-election of 11 December 1939)	Liberal
Kingston City		Norman McLeod Rogers	Liberal
Lambton—Kent		Hugh MacKenzie	Liberal
Lambton West		Ross Gray	Liberal
Lanark		Thomas Alfred Thompson	Conservative
Leeds		Hugh Alexander Stewart	Conservative
Lincoln		Norman Lockhart	Conservative
London		Frederick Cronyn Betts (died 7 May 1938)	Conservative
		Robert James Manion (by-election of 14 November 1938)	Conservative
Middlesex East		Duncan Graham Ross	Liberal
Middlesex West		John Campbell Elliott	Liberal
Muskoka—Ontario		Stephen Furniss	Liberal
Nipissing		Raoul Hurtubise	Liberal
Norfolk		William Horace Taylor	Liberal
Northumberland		William Alexander Fraser	Liberal
Ontario		William Henry Moore	Liberal
Ottawa East		Edgar-Rodolphe-Eugène Chevrier (until judicial appointment)	Liberal
		Joseph Albert Pinard (by-election of 26 October 1936)	Liberal
Ottawa West		T. Franklin Ahearn	Liberal
Oxford		Almon Rennie	Liberal
Parkdale		David Spence	Conservative
Parry Sound		Arthur Slaght	Liberal
Peel		Gordon Graydon	Conservative
Perth		Fred Sanderson	Liberal
Peterborough West		Joseph James Duffus	Liberal
Port Arthur		Clarence Decatur Howe	Liberal
Prescott		Élie-Oscar Bertrand	Liberal
Prince Edward—Lennox		George Tustin	Conservative
Renfrew North		Matthew McKay (died in office)	Liberal
		Ralph Warren (by-election of 5 April 1937)	Liberal
Renfrew South		James Joseph McCann	Liberal
Rosedale		Harry Gladstone Clarke	Conservative
Russell		Alfred Goulet	Liberal
St. Paul's		Douglas Ross	Conservative
Simcoe East		George McLean	Liberal
Simcoe North		Duncan Fletcher McCuaig	Liberal
Spadina		Samuel Factor	Liberal
Stormont		Lionel Chevrier	Liberal
Timiskaming		Walter Little	Liberal
Trinity		Hugh Plaxton	Liberal
Victoria		Bruce McNevin	Liberal
Waterloo North		William Daum Euler	Liberal
Waterloo South		Alexander Edwards (died 3 June 1938)	Conservative
		Karl Kenneth Homuth (by-election of 14 November 1938)	Conservative
Welland		Arthur Damude	Liberal
Wellington North		John Knox Blair	Liberal
Wellington South		Robert Gladstone	Liberal
Wentworth		Frank Lennard	Conservative
York East		Robert Henry McGregor	Conservative
York North		William Pate Mulock	Liberal
York South		Earl Lawson	Conservative
York West		John Everett Lyle Streight	Liberal

Prince Edward Island

Electoral district		Name	Party
King's		Thomas Vincent Grant	Liberal
Prince		Alfred Edgar MacLean (died 28 October 1939)	Liberal
		James Ralston (by-election of 2 January 1940)	Liberal
Queen's*		James Larabee (until 18 December 1935 fisheries appointment)	Liberal
		Peter Sinclair	Liberal
		Charles Avery Dunning (by-election of 30 December 1935)	Liberal

Quebec

Electoral district		Name	Party
Argenteuil		George Halsey Perley (died in office 4 January 1938)	Conservative
		Georges Héon (by-election of 28 February 1938)	Independent Conservative
Beauce		Édouard Lacroix	Liberal
Beauharnois—Laprairie		Maxime Raymond	Liberal
Bellechasse		Joseph Oscar Lefebre Boulanger	Liberal
Berthier—Maskinongé		J.-Émile Ferron	Liberal
Bonaventure		Charles Marcil (died 29 January 1937)	Liberal
		Pierre-Émile Côté (by-election of 22 March 1937)	Liberal
Brome—Missisquoi		Louis Gosselin	Liberal
Cartier		Samuel William Jacobs (died 21 August 1938)	Liberal
		Peter Bercovitch (by-election of 7 November 1938)	Liberal
Chambly—Rouville		Vincent Dupuis	Liberal
Champlain		Hervé-Edgar Brunelle	Liberal
Chapleau		François Blais	Independent Liberal
Charlevoix—Saguenay		Pierre-François Casgrain	Liberal
Chicoutimi		Alfred Dubuc	Liberal
Châteauguay—Huntingdon		Donald Elmer Black	Liberal
Compton		Joseph-Adéodat Blanchette	Liberal
Dorchester		Léonard Tremblay	Liberal
Drummond—Arthabaska		Wilfrid Girouard	Liberal
Gaspé		Maurice Brasset	Liberal
Hochelaga		Édouard-Charles St-Père	Liberal
Hull		Alphonse Fournier	Liberal
Jacques Cartier		Vital Mallette (died 17 April 1939)	Liberal
		Elphège Marier (by-election of 18 December 1939)	Liberal
Joliette—L'Assomption—Montcalm		Charles-Édouard Ferland	Liberal
Kamouraska		Joseph Georges Bouchard	Liberal
Labelle		Maurice Lalonde (politician)	Liberal
Lake St-John—Roberval		Armand Sylvestre	Liberal
Laurier		Ernest Bertrand	Liberal
Laval—Two Mountains		Liguori Lacombe	Liberal
Lévis		Joseph-Étienne Dussault	Liberal
Lotbinière		Joseph-Achille Verville (died 20 November 1937)	Liberal
		Joseph-Napoléon Francoeur (by-election of 27 December 1937)	Liberal
Maisonneuve—Rosemont		Sarto Fournier	Liberal
Matapédia—Matane		Arthur-Joseph Lapointe	Liberal
Mégantic—Frontenac		Eusèbe Roberge	Liberal
Mercier		Joseph Jean	Liberal
Montmagny—L'Islet		Fernand Fafard	Liberal
Mount Royal		William Allen Walsh	Conservative
Nicolet—Yamaska		Lucien Dubois	Liberal
Outremont		Thomas Vien	Liberal
Pontiac		Wallace McDonald	Liberal
Portneuf		Lucien Cannon (until 15 January 1936 judicial appointment)	Liberal
		Pierre Gauthier (by-election of 27 January 1936)	Liberal
Québec—Montmorency		Wilfrid Lacroix	Liberal
Quebec East		Ernest Lapointe	Liberal
Quebec South		Charles Gavan Power	Liberal
Quebec West and South		Charles Parent	Liberal
Richelieu—Verchères		Arthur Cardin	Liberal
Richmond—Wolfe		James Patrick Mullins	Liberal
Rimouski		Eugène Fiset	Liberal
St. Ann		William James Hushion	Liberal
St. Antoine—Westmount		Robert Smeaton White	Conservative
St. Denis		Azellus Denis	Liberal
St. Henry		Paul Mercier (until 30 November 1937 judicial appointment)	Liberal
		Joseph-Arsène Bonnier (by-election of 17 January 1938)	Liberal
St. Hyacinthe—Bagot		Adélard Fontaine	Liberal
St. James		Fernand Rinfret (died 12 July 1939)	Liberal
		Eugène Durocher (by-election of 18 December 1939)	Liberal
St. Johns—Iberville—Napierville		Martial Rhéaume	Liberal
St. Lawrence—St. George		Charles Cahan	Conservative
St. Mary		Hermas Deslauriers	Liberal
St-Maurice—Laflèche		Joseph-Alphida Crête	Liberal
Shefford		Joseph-Hermas Leclerc	Liberal
Sherbrooke		Charles Benjamin Howard	Liberal
Stanstead		Robert Davidson	Liberal
Témiscouata		Jean-François Pouliot	Liberal
Terrebonne		Louis-Étienne Parent	Liberal
Trois-Rivières		Wilfrid Gariépy	Liberal
Vaudreuil—Soulanges		Joseph Thauvette	Liberal
Verdun		Jules Wermenlinger	Conservative
Wright		Fizalam-William Perras (died 28 June 1936)	Liberal
		Rodolphe Leduc (by-election of 3 August 1936)	Liberal

Saskatchewan

Electoral district		Name	Party
Assiniboia		Robert McKenzie (until 9 December 1935 Canadian Farm Loan Board appointment)	Liberal
		James Garfield Gardiner (by-election of 6 January 1936)	Liberal
Humboldt		Harry Raymond Fleming	Liberal
Kindersley		Otto Buchanan Elliott	Social Credit
Lake Centre		John Frederick Johnston	Liberal
Mackenzie		John Angus MacMillan	Liberal
Maple Creek		Charles Evans	Liberal
Melfort		Malcolm McLean	Liberal
Melville		William Richard Motherwell	Liberal
Moose Jaw		J. Gordon Ross	Liberal
North Battleford		Cameron Ross McIntosh	Liberal
Prince Albert		William Lyon Mackenzie King	Liberal
Qu'Appelle		Ernest Perley	Conservative
Regina City		Donald McNiven	Liberal
Rosetown—Biggar		Major James Coldwell	C.C.F.
Rosthern		Walter Tucker	Liberal
Saskatoon City		Alexander MacGillivray Young (died 9 July 1939)	Liberal
		Walter George Brown (by-election of 18 December 1939)	United Reform
Swift Current		Charles Edward Bothwell	Liberal
The Battlefords		Joseph Needham	Social Credit
Weyburn		Tommy Douglas	C.C.F.
Wood Mountain		Thomas Donnelly	Liberal
Yorkton		George Washington McPhee	Liberal

Yukon

Electoral district		Name	Party
Yukon		Martha Black	Independent Conservative

By-elections

Main article: By-elections to the 18th Canadian Parliament

By-election	Date	Incumbent	Party		Winner	Party		Cause	Retained
Prince	January 2, 1940	Alfred Edgar MacLean		Liberal	James Layton Ralston		Liberal	Death	Yes
Saskatoon City	December 18, 1939	Alexander MacGillivray Young		Liberal	Walter George Brown		United Reform Movement	Death	No
St. James	December 18, 1939	Fernand Rinfret		Liberal	Eugène Durocher		Liberal	Death	Yes
Jacques Cartier	December 18, 1939	Vital Mallette		Liberal	Elphège Marier		Liberal	Death	Yes
Kent	December 11, 1939	James Rutherford		Liberal	Arthur Lisle Thompson		Liberal	Death	Yes
Calgary West	September 18, 1939	R. B. Bennett		Conservative	Douglas Cunnington		Conservative	Resignation	Yes
Brandon	November 14, 1938	David Wilson Beaubier		Conservative	James Ewen Matthews		Liberal	Death	No
London	November 14, 1938	Frederick Cronyn Betts		Conservative	Robert James Manion		Conservative	Death	Yes
Waterloo South	November 14, 1938	Alexander Edwards		Conservative	Karl Homuth		Conservative	Death	Yes
Cartier	November 7, 1938	Samuel William Jacobs		Liberal	Peter Bercovitch		Liberal	Death	Yes
Edmonton East	March 21, 1938	William Samuel Hall		Social Credit	Orvis A. Kennedy		Social Credit	Death	Yes
Argenteuil	February 28, 1938	George H. Perley		Conservative	Georges Héon		Independent Conservative	Death	No
St. John—Albert	February 21, 1938	William Ryan		Liberal	Allan McAvity		Liberal	Death	Yes
St. Henry	January 17, 1938	Paul Mercier		Liberal	Joseph Arsène Bonnier		Liberal	Appointed a Circuit Court Judge of Montreal	Yes
Lotbinière	December 27, 1937	Joseph-Achille Verville		Liberal	Joseph-Napoléon Francoeur		Liberal	Death	Yes
Victoria	November 29, 1937	Simon Fraser Tolmie		Conservative	Robert Mayhew		Liberal	Death	No
Dufferin—Simcoe	November 8, 1937	William Earl Rowe		Conservative	William Earl Rowe		Conservative	Resignation	Yes
Frontenac—Addington	November 1, 1937	Colin Campbell		Liberal	Angus Neil McCallum		Liberal	Resignation	Yes
Cape Breton North and Victoria	October 18, 1937	Daniel Alexander Cameron		Liberal	Matthew Maclean		Liberal	Death	Yes
Renfrew North	April 5, 1937	Matthew McKay		Liberal	Ralph Warren		Liberal	Death	Yes
Hamilton West	March 22, 1937	Herbert Earl Wilton		Conservative	John Allmond Marsh		Conservative	Death	Yes
Bonaventure	March 22, 1937	Charles Marcil		Liberal	Pierre-Emile Cote		Liberal	Death	Yes
Ottawa East	October 26, 1936	Edgar-Rodolphe-Eugène Chevrier		Liberal	Joseph Albert Pinard		Liberal	Appointed a judge of the High Court of Justice of Ontario	Yes
Gloucester	August 17, 1936	Peter Veniot		Liberal	Clarence Joseph Veniot		Liberal	Death	Yes
Wright	August 3, 1936	Fizalam-William Perras		Liberal	Rodolphe Leduc		Liberal	Death	Yes
Victoria	June 8, 1936	D'Arcy Plunkett		Conservative	Simon Tolmie		Conservative	Death	Yes
Antigonish—Guysborough	March 16, 1936	William Duff		Liberal	J. Ralph Kirk		Liberal	Called to the Senate	Yes
Portneuf	January 27, 1936	Lucien Cannon		Liberal	Pierre Gauthier		Liberal	Appointed a Superior Court Judge of Quebec	Yes
Assiniboia	January 6, 1936	Robert McKenzie		Liberal	James Garfield Gardiner		Liberal	Resignation to provide a seat for Gardiner	Yes
Queen's	December 30, 1935	J. James Larabee		Liberal	Charles Avery Dunning		Liberal	Appointed a Fisheries Protection Officer	Yes

References

• Government of Canada. "16th Ministry". Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Privy Council Office. Archived from the original on 22 February 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
• Government of Canada. "18th Parliament". Members of the House of Commons: 1867 to Date: By Parliament. Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
• Government of Canada. "Duration of Sessions". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
• Government of Canada. "General Elections". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
• Government of Canada. "Key Dates for each Parliament". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 September 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
• Government of Canada. "Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
• Government of Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
• Government of Canada. "Speakers". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 17 September 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2006.