Libertarians have differing opinions on the validity of intellectual property.[1]
Political parties
editThe Libertarian Party of Canada takes "a moderate approach to patents and copyrights", calling for "a careful review of existing and proposed legislation".[2]
The Libertarian Party of Russia writes in its platform that "intellectual property" is a privilege granted by the state. Accordingly, "intellectual property rights" are enforced by the state through violence.[3] On this basis, LPR writes in its programme that it intends to repeal the section of the Civil Code of Russia, as well as the articles of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses and Criminal Code of Russia that provide for sanctions for infringement of "intellectual property rights".[4]
Right-libertarian views
editAnarcho-capitalists oppose the existence of even a minimal state. This ideological framework requires that any functions served by intellectual property law promulgation and enforcement be provided through private sector institutions.
Murray Rothbard argues for allowing contractually arising infinite copyright terms and against the need for any government role in protecting intellectual property.[5] Rothbard states that government's involvement in defining arbitrary limits on the duration, scope and so on of intellectual property in order to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts" is inherently problematic, saying: "By what standard do you judge that research expenditures are 'too much,' 'too little,' or just about enough?". Thus, he argues that intellectual property laws can actually hinder innovation since competitors can be indefinitely discouraged from further research expenditures in the general area covered by the patent because the courts may hold their improvements as infringements on the previous patent and the patent holder is discouraged from engaging in further research in this field because the privilege discourages his improvement of his invention for the entire period of the patent, with the assurance that no competitor can trespass on his domain.[6]
Morris and Linda Tannehill propose that ideas in the form of inventions could be registered in a privately owned "data bank". The inventor could then buy insurance against the theft and unauthorized commercial use of the invention and the insurance company would guarantee to not only compensate the inventor for any losses suffered due to such infringement but to stop such unauthorized use.[7]
Opponents to intellectual property rights include Wendy McElroy,[8] Tom G. Palmer,[9] Henri Lepage, Boudewijn Bouckaert, Jeffrey Tucker and Stephan Kinsella.[10] Kinsella points out in Against Intellectual Property that patents may be inefficient since they divert resources from research and development to patent filing and lawsuits. He notices that theoretical research can not be patented as easily as practical research and thus theoretical research is relatively underfunded. Moreover, he argues that property rights can only apply to resources that are scarce, which intellectual property is not. Kinsella also claims that the only way that intellectual property rights can be implemented is by limiting others' physical property rights.[11]
David D. Friedman takes a neutral stance on intellectual property, claiming "there are good arguments on both sides of that question".[12]
Ayn Rand's Views
editAyn Rand, the founder of Objectivism who herself was not a libertarian, but who had a significant influence on Rothbard prior to his department from her philosophical studies circle, supported copyrights and patents. She noted in Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal:[13]
Patents and copyrights are the legal implementation of the base of all property rights: a man's right to the product of his mind. Every type of productive work involves a combination of mental and of physical effort: of thought and of physical action to translate that thought into a material form. The proportion of these two elements varies in different types of work. At the lowest end of the scale, the mental effort required to perform unskilled manual labor is minimal. At the other end, what the patent and copyright laws acknowledge is the paramount role of mental effort in the production of material values; these laws protect the mind's contribution in its purest form the origination of an idea. The subject of patents and copyrights is intellectual property. ... Thus the law establishes the property right of a mind to that which it has brought in existence.
Rand held that patent should be granted for limited terms only:
If it were held in perpetuity, it would lead to the opposite of the very principle on which it is based: it would lead, not to the earned reward of achievement, but to the unearned support of parasitism. It would become a cumulative lien on the production of unborn generations, which would ultimately paralyze them. Consider what would happen if, in producing an automobile, we had to pay royalties to the descendants of all the inventors involved, starting with the inventor of the wheel and on up. Apart from the impossibility of keeping such records, consider the accidental status of such descendants and the unreality of their unearned claims.
Left-libertarian views
editRoderick T. Long argues that the concept of intellectual property is not libertarian. He holds that prohibiting people from using, reproducing and trading copyrighted material is an infringement of freedom of speech and freedom of the press and that since information exists in people's minds and other people's property one cannot own information without owning other people. Claiming that authors and publishers will continue to produce absent copyright protection, he cites the fact that hundreds of thousands of articles are uploaded onto the Internet by their authors every day, available to anyone in the world for free and that nearly all works written before the 20th century are in the public domain, yet pre-1900 works are still published and sold.[14][1]
Benjamin Tucker, opposing intellectual property, writes that "the patent monopoly consists in protecting inventors against competition for a period long enough to extort from the people a reward enormously in excess of the labor measure of their services, – in other words, in giving certain people a right of property for a term of years in laws and facts of Nature, and the power to exact tribute from others for the use of this natural wealth, which should be open to all".[15]
Other libertarian and anarchist views
editAnarchists such as Lysander Spooner and J. Neil Schulman have also argued for forms of intellectual property.[16]
See also
edit
- Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA)
References
edit- ^ a b Steelman, Aaron (2008). "Intellectual Property". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). Nozick, Robert (1938–2002). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Cato Institute. pp. 249–250. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n220. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
- ^ "Platform Of The Libertarian Party Of Canada". Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
- ^ "Больше свободы, меньше государства". Либертарианская партия (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "Программа Политической партии Либертарианская партия России" (PDF). Либертарианская партия (in Russian).
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. "Chapter 3 – Triangular Intervention". Mises Institute. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. "Chapter 10 – Monopoly and Competition (continued)". Mises Institute. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Tannehill, Morris; Tannehill, Linda (1993). "Property – The Great Problem Solver". The Market for Liberty. San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-930073-08-8.
- ^ McElroy, Wendy (2011). "Contra Copyright, Again" (PDF). Libertarian Papers. 3 (12).
- ^ Palmer, Tom G. (1990). "Are Patents and Copyrights Morally Justified? The Philosophy of Property Rights and Ideal Objects" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 13 (3).
- ^ Bouillon, Hardy (2009). "A Note on Intellectual Property and Externalities". In Hülsmann, Jörg Guido; Kinsella, Stephan (eds.). Property, Freedom, and Society: Essays in Honor of Hans-Hermann Hoppe. Mises Institute. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-933550-52-7.
- ^ Kinsella, Stephan (2008). Against Intellectual Property (PDF). Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1-933550-32-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- ^ Wile, Anthony. "David D. Friedman on his Famous Father, Anarcho-Capitalism and Free-Market Solutions". The Daily Bell. April 8, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
- ^ Rand, Ayn (1966). Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal.
- ^ Long, Roderik T. (September 14, 2002). "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights". Libertariannation. Archived from the original on September 14, 2002. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (1893). Instead of a Book, By a Man Too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism. New York. p. 13.
- ^ In "Classical Liberals and Anarchists on Intellectual Property", Stephan Kinsella lists other classical liberals and anarchists and their positions on intellectual property. In "Pro-IP "Anarchists" and anti-IP Patent Attorneys", Kinsella lists some more recent anarchist libertarians in favor of intellectual property. For further discussion of the views of various libertarians on this matter, see his "Anti-IP Resources", "The Four Historical Phases of IP Abolitionism" and "The Origins of Libertarian IP Abolitionism".