General Leopold Okulicki (noms de guerre Kobra, Niedźwiadek; 1898 – 1946) was a Polish Army brigadier general and the last commander of the anti-Nazi underground Home Army during World War II and the German occupation of Poland (1939–1945).
Leopold Okulicki | |
|---|---|
 Okulicki in 1943 | |
| Nickname(s) | Kobra, Niedźwiadek |
| Born | 12 November 1898 Bratucice, Congress Poland, Russian Empire |
| Died | 24 December 1946 (aged 48) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Awards |  Order of Virtuti Militari (Gold Cross)  Order of Virtuti Militari (Silver Cross)  Cross of Valour (4 times)  Cross of Merit with Swords (Gold) Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA) |
After the war he was arrested by the Soviet NKVD and died at Moscow's Butyrka prison.
Life
editOkulicki was born in November 1898 in Bratucice, Bochnia County in the Austrian section of partitioned Poland ("Galicia"). He was born on November 12, 1898 into the family of farmers Błażej and Anna née Korcyl.[1][2][3]
In 1910 he enrolled at a local gymnasium (secondary school), and after 1913 was a member of the Związek Strzelecki (Riflemen's Association). The following year, aged 16, after finishing basic military training, he passed his NCO exams.
After the outbreak of World War I, in October 1915, he left school and volunteered for the Polish Legions, where he served with distinction in the 3rd Legions Infantry Regiment.
He remained in the Polish Army and fought in various units during World War I and the subsequent Polish–Bolshevik War (1919–1921). Okulicki was decorated with the highest Polish military order, the Virtuti Militari.[4]
During the interwar period he remained in the army and in 1925 graduated from the prestigious Warsaw Military Academy. Afterward Okulicki took a post in the Grodno local corps headquarters.
Until the late 1930s, he taught at the Infantry Training Centre in Rembertów, and became commanding officer of Polish 13th Infantry Division.[4]
Nazi occupation
editIn 1939, Okulicki was made commander of one of the departments of the Polish Commander-in-Chief's Headquarters.
At the outbreak of World War II and the defense of Poland against Nazi Germany in 1939, Okulicki was in Warsaw.[5] After Edward Rydz-Śmigły evacuated his staff from Warsaw, Okulicki remained in the Polish capital and served in various posts during the Siege of Warsaw.
After the capitulation of the Polish troops defending the capital, Okulicki evaded capture by the Germans and joined Służba Zwycięstwu Polski (en.Service for Poland's Victory), one of the first underground resistance organizations formed in Nazi and Soviet-occupied Poland. This organization later changed its name to the Union of Armed Struggle and then to the Home Army.
In January 1940, he moved to Łódź, where he assumed the post of commander of the local area of that organization. After a brief stint at Headquarters, he was transferred to Soviet-occupied Lwów and became head of that area.[4] General Stefan Rowecki, the commander-in-chief of the ZWZ, appointed Okulicki as the commander of the Soviet occupation in Area No. 2 - Białystok and Area No. 3 - Lwów, with the difficult and dangerous task of eliminating the organizational breakdown in the Lwów Area and putting the affairs of the ZWZ in order throughout the entire occupation.[6]
Soviet period
editArrested by the NKVD in January 1941, Okulicki was imprisoned and tortured in various Soviet prisons.
Released after the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement of 1941, he joined the Polish Army recreated in the USSR, where he assumed the post of chief of staff.
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After a brief period commanding the Polish 7th Infantry Division, he was moved to London for training in the Cichociemni training camp and transported to occupied Poland. In July 1944, during Operation Tempest, he became the commander of the 2nd Echelon of the Home Army. General Bór-Komorowski, anticipating his own arrest by the Soviets after the Warsaw Uprising, named him his deputy and successor.
Okulicki fought in the Uprising, among other posts as chief of staff of the Home Army. After the capitulation of the Uprising, he managed to evade capture by the Germans and moved to Kraków, from where he started to reorganize the Home Army. On 3 October 1944, he became commander of the entire Home Army.
On 3 January 1945 he met in the "Zacisze estate" near Odrowąż, Radomsko County near Radomsko with the British special SOE Mission Freston.[7] Capt D.T. Bill Hudson wrote on 3 January 1945: "we met the Commander of the Home Army and our friend, Colonel Rudkowski [...]. There were also several other people whose names and functions we did not have time to learn. The commander of the Home Army seemed to us a decisive, sincere and clear-minded man. His demeanor was calm and friendly. He knew many personalities from the London SOE office and stated that he commanded the 7th Infantry Division in the army of General Anders. We didn't know his name."[8][9]
In order to protect Polish soldiers against the NKVD and more general Stalinist repression, Okulicki, in consultation with the government delegate and on the basis of the government instruction from London of November 14, 1944, providing for the dissolution of the Home Army in the areas occupied by the USSR, issued an order on 19 January 1945 dissolving the Home Army and releasing soldiers from their oath.[10] He feared that the existence of Allied forces in Poland would only lead to the Soviets murdering or arresting more people.
In February 1945, Okulicki and his commanders were summoned by the NKVD to a meeting in Warsaw. They were arrested and then flown to Moscow. Okulicki was charged with "preparing an armed uprising against the Soviet Union in league with the Germans."[11]
Okulicki was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment in the staged Trial of the Sixteen. Under international law, this was a completely illegal verdict.[12] He independently defended Poland in the courtroom against Soviet accusations. "He left the courtroom with his head held high," noted an Englishman present at the trial.[13] Okulicki died 24 December 1946 at Butyrka prison.[14] A cenotaph commemorating his death was built in the Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw. [citation needed]
Decorations
edit- Order of the White Eagle, posthumously on 11 November 1995 [15]
- Order Virtuti Militari Golden Cross
- Order Virtuti Militari Silver Cross
- Cross of Independence
- Cross of Valour, 4 times
- Cross of Merit with Swords Golden Cross
- Legion of Merit, posthumously (USA)
References
edit- ^ Kunert, Andrzej (1987). Słownik biograficzny konspiracji warszawskiej 1939–1945 Tom 2 [Biographical dictionary of the Warsaw underground 1939–1945 Volume 2.] (in Polish). Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy „Pax”. p. 138. ISBN 83-211-0758-3.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz. "Biogram. Generał Leopold Okulicki. 1898–1921. Żołnierz komendanta" [Biography. General Leopold Okulicki. 1898–1921. Commander's soldier.] (in Polish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "Zarządzenia Ministra Spraw Wojskowych. Zmiany (sprostowania) nazwisk, imion i dat urodzenia" [Orders of the Minister of Military Affairs. Changes (corrections) of surnames, given names and dates of birth. No 2. p.24] (in Polish). Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ a b c Prof. Jerzy R. Krzyzanowski. "Gen. Leopold Okulicki: the Last C-i-C of the Home Army". www.warsawuprising.com. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz. "Biogram. Generał Leopold Okulicki. 1939-1940. W walce z Niemcami" [Biography. General Leopold Okulicki. 1939-1940. In the fight against the Germans.] (in Polish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz. "Biogram. Generał Leopold Okulicki. 1939-1940. W walce z Niemcami" [Biography. General Leopold Okulicki. 1939-1940. In the fight against the Germans.] (in Polish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz; Pawłowicz, Jacek (2010). Generał Leopold Okulicki 1898-1946 [General Leopold Okulicki 1898-1946] (in Polish). Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. pp. 308–309. ISBN 978-83-7629-216-8.
- ^ Dudek, Paweł (10 September 2018). "O misji Freston" [About the Freston Mission] (in Polish). Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Jafra, Przemysław (17 March 2012). "Alianci na naszej ziemi, czyli opowieść o misji Freston" [Allies on our soil, or the story of the Freston mission] (in Polish). Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz. "Biogram. Generał Leopold Okulicki. 1944-1945. Na straconym posterunku" [Biography. General Leopold Okulicki. 1944-1945. At a lost post.] (in Polish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Applebaum, A. (2012). Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-53643-1. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz. "Biogram. Generał Leopold Okulicki. 1945-1946. Przed czerwonym trybunałem" [Biography. General Leopold Okulicki. 1945-1946. Before the Red Tribunal.] (in Polish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Kurtyka, Janusz. "Biogram. Generał Leopold Okulicki. 1945-1946. Przed czerwonym trybunałem" [Biography. General Leopold Okulicki. 1945-1946. Before the Red Tribunal.] (in Polish). Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Kofman, Roszkowski, Jan, Wojciech. Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 0765610272.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Monitor Polski: Order of the White Eagle. Archived 2009-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
External links
edit
Media related to Leopold Okulicki at Wikimedia Commons