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Lenten shrouds

Lenten shrouds are veils used to cover crucifixes, icons and some statues during Passiontide[1][2] with some exceptions of those showing the suffering Christ, such as the stations of the Via Crucis or the Man of Sorrows, with purple or black cloths begins on the Saturday before the Passion Sunday. The cross is unveiled during its veneration on Good Friday[3] while all the other Lenten shrouds are taken off during the Easter Vigil.[4] The use of Lenten shrouds occurs in churches of the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican denominations.[5][6]

An altar cross veiled during Holy Week

Significance

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The significance of the Lenten shrouds has been explained in a variety of ways.[7] The French liturgist Prosper Guéranger explained that "the ceremony of veiling the Crucifix, during Passiontide, expresses the humiliation, to which our Saviour subjected himself, of hiding himself when the Jews threatened to stone him, as is related in the Gospel of Passion Sunday".[8]

"Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple." (John 8:59)

The veiling of the statues went through a challenge in the 1960s

"The custom of the veiling of the cross seemed to demand the devout an ever greater ingenuity by way of explanation of meaning. It was one of those traditions the exact reasons for which seem to have been lost in the swirling mists of time".[9]

Focusing more on the psychological signifiance of the liturgy, modern writers explain that crucifixes, icons and statues are either covered or removed "to focus upon the coming commemoration of the Lord's passion".[10] Covering the cross also creates "more impact" as it is unveiled during the liturgy on Good Friday, as it enhances the setting of the liturgy in Passiontide.[11]

We "hide" His images for two weeks out of the year in a sprit of penance and mourning. An acute sadness is felt in the human heart. We long to be reunited with Him. The veil suggests the discomfort of being separated from Him. We prepare for the agony and triumph of the Easter Triduum.[12]

History

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The Lenten veil in the Middle Ages

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Main article: Lenten veil

The Lenten shrouds are a very old tradition of the Catholic Church, dating back to at least the 9th century. Lenten shrouds are a smaller version of the Lenten veil (Fastentuch), which is still found in Germany and Austria.

Gulielmus Durandus's Rationale divinorum officiorum, one of the most important religious writings of the Middle Ages, stipulates that all images, crucifixes, relics and tabernacles in the house of God be veiled during the period of Lent. Thus Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, had gray and dark sheets (the color of ashes), attached across the sanctuary during Passiontide. At a time when crosses, reliquaries or not, were made of precious metals and encrusted with gemstones, a veil was suspended between the choir and the nave in churches so as to completely hide the sanctuary, attenuating the impact of the crosses’ brilliance when solemnly revealed on Good Friday. Although this rite was adopted both in papal liturgy at the Sessonianum and in that of the Lateran canons, it was not until 1488 that all crosses in Rome were veiled.[13]

In the eighteenth century, large Lenten veils were still used along with the Lenten shrouds across Christianity and as far as in the missions of the Sonoran Desert in Mexico.[14] Whereas some have suggested that the Lenten veil was replaced by the Lenten shrouds, it appears thus that both were in use at the same time and that the former, which was less practical, fell in disuse rather the latter remained.[15]

From suppression to reinstatement after the Second Vatican Council

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Before the Council, it seems like Lenten shrouds had taken over most of the church interior, to include even the candlesticks.[16]

In 1969, in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, the Sacred Congregation of Rites on the Revised Liturgical Year and New Roman Calendar suppressed Passiontide and ruled that the veiling of crosses and images was no more required except where a local episcopal conference has decided the practice was still useful, leading some to believe it was altogether “abolished”[17] or “suppressed”.[18] Some, like Episcopalian liturgist Leonel Mitchell, insisted that “there is no reason to continue the medieval Roman tradition of veiling crosses for Passiontide”.[19]

The practice is still common in Catholic churches, chapels, and private houses.[20] The official position has also changed more favorably towards the veiling of images. Since the 1988 Paschale Solemnitas Circular Letter Concerning the Preparation and Celebration of the Easter Feasts of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, the Catholic Church has once again insisted that “it is fitting that any crosses in the church be covered with a red or purple veil, unless they have already been veiled on the Saturday before the fifth Sunday of Lent.”[21] On June 14, 2001, Latin Rite members of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops approved an adaptation to number 318 of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal which would allow for the veiling of crosses and images. In 2002, the Missale Romanum, editio typica tertia, provided a rubric at the beginning of the texts for the Fifth Sunday of Lent, which allows the practice of covering crosses and images in the Church from the fifth Sunday of Lent. Thus, the veiling of crucifixes, icons and statues remains a relatively lasting Passiontide custom.[22] The practise has therefore often been restored and encouraged, by clerics such as Peter J. Elliott for whom “the custom of veiling crosses and images has much to commend it in terms of religious psychology, because it helps us to concentrate on the great essentials of Christ's work of Redemption”.[2]

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    Lenten shroud on a statue
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    Lenten shroud on an outdoor calvary
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    A processional cross veiled with a Lenten shroud
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    Lenten shroud on a cross in the chancel of a church

References

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  1. ^ "Decisions of Roman Congregations". The Tablet. Tablet Publishing Company. 1884.
  2. ^ a b Elliott, Peter J. (2010-08-06). Ceremonies of the Liturgical Year: According to the Modern Roman Rite. Ignatius Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-68149-082-3.
  3. ^ Conférence des Evêques de France (2022-08-24). Missel des dimanches 2023: Nouvelle traduction du Missel romain (in French). Fleurus. ISBN 978-2-7289-3378-5.
  4. ^ Sullivan, John Francis (1922). The Visible Church, Her Government, Ceremonies, Sacramentals, Festivals and Devotions: A Compendium of "The Externals of the Catholic Church". P.J. Kenedy & Sons. p. 186.
  5. ^ "Why do we cover statues and images with a veil during Lent?". Saint John's Seminary. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  6. ^ Steven K. Gjerde (12 April 2021). "Lenten Spiritual Disciplines". Zion Lutheran Church. Veiling of Images. Images proclaim the Gospel and confess that Christ has become flesh. As we remember that He was taken from His disciples, we veil physical images in His Church.
  7. ^ O'Shea, William J. (1957). The Worship of the Church: A Companion to Liturgical Studies. Newman Press. p. 616.
  8. ^ Guéranger, Prosper (1870). Passiontide and Holy Week. James Duffy. p. 14.
  9. ^ Giles, Richard (2008). Times and Seasons. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-89869-833-6.
  10. ^ Consecrations, Blessings and Prayers. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. 2005. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-85311-367-3.
  11. ^ Perham, Michael (2016-11-21). The Way of Christ-Likeness: Being Transformed by the Liturgies of Lent, Holy Week and Easter. Canterbury Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84825-901-0.
  12. ^ Sonnen, John Paul (2023-03-27). "The Custom of Passiontide Veiling". Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  13. ^ Zwingenberger, Jeanette (2020-07-15). "La litre, ceinture de deuil ou trait ultime". Interfaces. Image Texte Language (in French) (43): 51–64. doi:10.4000/interfaces.870. ISSN 1164-6225.
  14. ^ Thompson, Raymond H. (2014-04-01). A Jesuit Missionary in Eighteenth-Century Sonora: The Family Correspondence of Philipp Segesser. UNM Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8263-5425-9.
  15. ^ Croegaert, August Jan Marie Josef (1948). Les rites et les prières du saint sacrifice de la messe: plans pour sermons et leçons (in French). Dessain. p. 208.
  16. ^ "Is it correct to place violet veilings on the candlesticks during Passiontide?". The Living Church. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1947.
  17. ^ Greenacre, Roger; Haselock, Jeremy (1995). The Sacrament of Easter. Gracewing Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8028-4099-8.
  18. ^ Pristas, Lauren (2013-08-01). The Collects of the Roman Missals: A Comparative Study of the Sundays in Proper Seasons before and after the Second Vatican Council. A&C Black. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-567-22342-5.
  19. ^ Mitchell, Leonel Lake (1996). Lent, Holy Week, Easter, and the Great Fifty Days: A Ceremonial Guide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-56101-134-6.
  20. ^ Tierney, Kendra (2018-10-19). The Catholic All Year Compendium: Liturgical Living for Real Life. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-64229-055-4.
  21. ^ Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (1988-02-20). "Circular Letter Concerning Preparation and Celebration of Easter Feasts". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. 57. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  22. ^ Goodliff, Andy; Goodliff, Paul (2018-10-31). Rhythms of Faithfulness: Essays in Honor of John E. Colwell. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-3351-5.
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