Lennox Island is a Mi'kmaq First Nations band government in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. Its only currently inhabited reserve is Lennox Island 1, on Lennox Island, purchased by the Aborigines' Protection Society on behalf of the Mi'kmaq of Prince Edward Island[1] in 1870[2] or 1878.[3] The population on reserve is approximately 450.[4] In 2005 the population was 320 on reserve and 720 off reserve, with 60% of the population being younger than 35.[3] The 2016 census counted 323 residents on reserve.[5] The band has two other reserves, Lennox Island 5, located in East Bideford, and Lennox Island 6, located in Fernwood, both acquired in the 2000s.[6]
History
editThe band government was originally known as "L'nui Minegoo"[citation needed] or the Indian/People's Island, and later known as the Lennox Island Reserve or the Lennox Island Band. It was named after Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond, by Samuel Holland; surveyor. Original permanent inhabitants included Chief Francis Francis[citation needed] who resided there after the Mi'kmaq were displaced from Cortin Island.[citation needed] The Saint Ann Mission was later established on the island.
In 1880, the Department of Indian Affairs reported that new houses and barns had been built on the island, and that a Superintendent and school teacher was instructing the community in agriculture.[1]
During the early 1890s, "Acting Chief" Joseph Francis, elected by a simple band majority, refused to resign when the son of the deceased "Chief" came to "the necessary age." James Yeo, a Liberal representative for Prince Edward Island in the House of Commons of Canada and a Lennox Island Land Commissioner, arranged for a justice of the peace to have Francis sworn in as "Chief of Prince Edward Island Micmac Indians," a lifetime appointment. John Thomas Sark, the son of the deceased "Chief," organized his own faction to challenge Yeo and Francis.[7] The Dominion Department of Indian Affairs sought to integrate Lennox Island into a Canadian survey for mandated band electoral systems, culminating in an 1897 general election. During the 1890s campaigns, Sark likewise contended that any elections for "Chief" should be for "royal" lifetime tenure, thereby circumventing the proposed, and then mandated, triennial parameters. Since Prince Edward Island joined the Canadian Confederation in 1873, the Mi'kmaq band had been under the jurisdiction of the Dominion Department and the 1867 Indian Act of Canada. After 1873, the House of Assembly neither routinely deliberated, nor passed legislation for, Mi'kmaq peoples in the province. The role of Prince Edward Island "amalgamation" debates and hyperdescent ideas on "universal" suffrage in this accelerated moment for Maritime Mi'kmaq band "modernities," both on and off the reserve, nevertheless remains a subject of scholarly inquiry.[8]
In 1972, for political and geographic reasons, a vote was held which decided to split reserves Morell 2, Rocky Point 3, and Scotchfort 4 from Lennox Island First Nation and form a new band government, Abegweit First Nation.[9]
In 1973, a bridge was built connecting Lennox Island to the rest of Prince Edward Island.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b "Dominion of Canada. Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the Year Ended 31st December, 1880". Indian Affairs Annual Report. 1880: 7. 1880. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ Richard Butler; Thomas Hinch (26 October 2007). Tourism and Indigenous Peoples: Issues and Implications. Elsevier. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-7506-6446-2. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Pan-Canadian Community Development Learning Network Profile of Effective Practice:Lennox Island First Nation" (PDF). The Canadian CED Network.
- ^ "A Welcome from the Chief". Lennox Island First Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ "Lennox Island 1 Census Profile". Statistics Canada.
- ^ "Lennox Island looks to expand reserve beyond original borders". CBC News.
- ^ McKenna, Mary Olga (1990). Micmac by Choice: Elsie Sark--An Island Legend. Halifax, N.S.: Formac Publishing Company Limited. p. 83. ISBN 9780887800771.
- ^ Elizabeth Walls, Martha (2010). "No need of a chief for this band:" The Maritime Mi'kmaq and Federal Electoral Legislation, 1899-1951. Vancouver. p. 94. ISBN 9780774817899.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "About Abegweit First Nation". Abegweit First Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ "Nature Trail: The Bay". Lennox Island First Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2019.